沼渣对红富士苹果树生长、果实品质及土壤养分的影响

Effects of biogas residue on growth,fruit quality and soil nutrients of Red Fuji apple trees

【目的】研究沼渣对红富士苹果树生长发育、果实品质和产量以及土壤养分的影响,为陕西洛川红富士苹果优质绿色高产提供理论依据。【方法】以13年生盛果期红富士苹果树为试材,设置平施沼渣(沼渣施用量为40 kg/株,施用时将沼渣均匀平施在距离树体1.5 m的东南西北4个方向)、沟施沼渣(沼渣施用量为40 kg/株,施用时在距离树体1.5 m的东南西北4个方向挖长1.5 m、宽15 cm、深20 cm的条状沟,将沼渣均匀施入后覆土)2个处理,以单施化肥(沟施复合肥,施用量为4 kg/株)为对照,研究不同处理对苹果树叶片生长指标、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、果实产量、品质以及土壤pH值和养分含量的影响。【结果】平施沼渣和沟施沼渣处理苹果树叶片的厚度、干鲜质量、叶面积、净光合速率、总叶绿素以及全氮、全磷、全钾含量均明显高于对照,其中沟施沼渣处理以上指标均最高,且与对照差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。3个处理中,沟施沼渣处理苹果的果肉硬度、可溶性糖、维生素C含量均最高,分别较对照显著提高了6.7%,8.6%,12.7%,而可滴定酸含量较对照减少了10.0%。苹果的单果质量、单株产量、总产量由高到低表现为沟施沼渣>平施沼渣>单施化肥,且3个处理间差异达显著水平。各处理间苹果果实的全氮、全磷、全钾含量差异均达到显著水平,其中沟施沼渣处理以上指标均最高。3个处理中,沟施沼渣处理土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均最高,较对照分别显著提高了33.7%,46.8%,64.4%,19.2%,516.6%,334.7%,68.6%,而pH值较单施化肥处理降低了7.1%。【结论】沟施沼渣可以显著促进苹果树生长发育,提高苹果树叶片的净光合速率、叶绿素含量以及果实品质和产量,增加土壤养分,可以在陕西洛川苹果产区推广应用。

【Objective】 The effects of biogas residues on growth,development fruit quality and yield,and soil nutrients of Red Fuji apple trees were investigated to provide basis for culturing high-quality,green and high-yield apples in Luochuan,Shaanxi.【Method】 The 13-year-old Red Fuji apple trees at full fruit stage were included in two treatments,flat application of biogas residue(40 kg per plant uniformly applied in four directions 1.5 m away from trees) and furrow application of biogas residue(40 kg per plant in strip trenches with length of 1.5 m,width of 15 cm and a depth of 20 cm in four directions 1.5 m away from trees).Single application of chemical fertilizer(furrow application compound fertilizer,4 kg per plant) was used as the control.Effects of different treatments on leaf growth index,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,fruit yield,quality,soil pH and nutrient contents were then studied.【Result】 Leaf thickness,dry and fresh weight and area,net photosynthetic rate,total chlorophyll,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium contents of apples treated with flat application of biogas residue and furrow application of biogas residue were significantly higher than those of the control.Furrow application treatment had the highest values with significant differences from the control(P<0.05).Apples treated with furrow biogas residue had the highest flesh hardness,soluble sugar and vitamin C content with significant increases of 6.7%,8.6% and 12.7% and had the lowest titratable acid content with decrease of 10.0%.Fruit weight,yield per plant and total yield of apples in different treatments were in the order of furrow application biogas residue>flat application biogas residue>control yield with significant differences among treatments.Contents of total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium of apple fruits were significantly different among treatments,with the highest values in treatment of furrow application.Contents of soil organic ma-tter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in soils were the highest in treatment with furrow application,which were 33.7%,46.8%,64.4%,19.2%,516.6%,334.7% and 68.6% higher than those in control,while the pH value was decreased by 7.1% in furrow application treatment.【Conclusion】 Furrow biogas residue treatment significantly promoted growth and development of apple trees,improved net photosynthetic rate of apple leaves,chlorophyll content,fruit quality and yield,and increased soil nutrients.Thus,it can be popularized and applied in apple production areas in Luochuan,Shaanxi.