农户耕地利用的可持续集约化——理论框架、水平测度及其确权响应

Sustainable intensification of farmers’cultivated land use:Theoretical framework,level measurement,and response to land rights confirmation

可持续集约利用是实现耕地“三位一体”保护的有效方式,其水平高低与农户要素配置有关,而地权强度是影响农户配置行为的重要变量,农地确权的按期完成也为检验其制度绩效提供了一个良好的外生自然实验。本文基于2017年山东省三县(区)农户实地调查,构建“耕地利用的可持续集约化(SICL)概念内涵—SICL水平测算—SICL确权响应及其响应机理”的分析框架,探讨SICL的概念内涵,测算农户层面的SICL水平,理论剖析并实证检验了农地确权是否以及如何影响了耕地的可持续集约利用水平。研究发现:(1)SICL包括经营集约化、产出高效化、资源节约化、生态环境不退化4个维度,可从“投入-产出”范畴衡量。(2)样本农户SICL水平集中于“低度可持续集约利用”区间,五莲组农户SICL水平相对不可持续,而东平组和垦利组状况相对较好。(3)耕地利用对农地确权的响应表现为可持续集约化的效率改善或耗散,这与农户是否具备与农地确权后相适配的生产要素重配置能力有关。并且,农户家庭距县城越远,确权后耕地利用的非可持续集约化效果越强。随着农户粮食种植专业化程度的提升,农地确权后抑制农户SICL的政策效果会得到缓解。基于此,可从设计SICL评估框架、提高确权后农户的要素配置能力、实施地区差别化政策等入手缓解农地确权对SICL的制度抑制,促进耕地利用的可持续集约化转型。

Sustainable and intensive use is an effective way to realize the“three-in-one”protection of cultivated land in China,and its level is related to farmers’allocation of agricultural production factors.Land rights intensity affects farmers’production factor allocation behavior,and the completion of land rights confirmation on schedule provides a good exogenous natural experiment to test the institutional performance.Thus,based on a field survey of farmers from three counties(districts)in Shandong Province in 2017,we constructed an analytical framework of“sustainable intensification of cultivated land use(SICL)concept-SICL level measurement-SICL response to land rights confirmation and mechanism”in order to discuss the conceptual connotation of SICL and estimate its level at the farming household scale.Meanwhile,we showed whether and how land rights confirmation affected the SICL by theoretical analysis and empirical test.We found that:(1)The sustainable and intensive use of cultivated land includes four dimensions:management intensification,high output efficiency,resource conservation,and non-degradation of the ecological environment,which can be measured from the perspective of input and output.(2)The SICL level of the sample farmers was concentrated in the low level range,and the cultivated land use intensification in Wulian is relatively unsustainable,while the conditions in Dongping and Kenli were better.The response of cultivated land use to land rights confirmation was manifested in the efficiency improvement or dissipation of sustainable intensification,which was related to whether farmers have the ability to reconfigure production factors that were suitable for the land rights confirmation.Moreover,the farther the farming households are from the county seat,the stronger the effect of unsustainable intensification after the land rights was confirmed,and this moderation effect exists significantly in Kenli.With the improvement of specialization of farming households in grain planting,the policy effect of inhibiting the SICL will be alleviated after the land rights are confirmed.Based on the results,to alleviate the institutional inhibition of farmland rights confirmation on SICL and transform land use towards sustainable intensification,it is important to start with constructing an assessment framework for SICL,improving the ability to allocate production factors for farmers whose land rights are confirmed,and implementing differentiated regional policies.