社区生计与自然保护区冲突趋势——基于农户自然资源利用的代际差异

Trend of conflict between community livelihoods and nature reserves:Based on the intergenerational differences of rural households’natural resource utilization behavior

自然保护区与当地社区生计之间的冲突不仅制约着生物多样性保护的成效,也是推进保护区与社区生态经济协调发展的巨大阻碍。农户的自然资源利用行为是造成保护区与社区冲突的重要因素,然而在农村劳动力大量外移及保护区惠益政策的共同作用下,保护区周边农户的自然资源利用强度有所下降,且变化呈现显著的代际特征。因此,从代际差异视角分析农户自然资源利用行为的异质性并判断未来保护区与社区冲突趋势有重要价值。本文选取四川省、陕西省17个自然保护区周边943户农户为研究对象,采用Double-Hurdle模型对不同代际间农户自然资源利用行为进行了实证分析。研究表明:(1)保护区周边农户在自然资源利用行为强度上总体呈现出“老一代>中生代>新生代”的代际递减特征,表明老一代与保护区的资源利用冲突最激烈。(2)非农就业占比对不同代际农户的自然资源利用行为均存在负向调节作用,非农就业占比越高,农户资源利用行为就越少,与保护区的冲突也越小。(3)不同代际农户获得的保护收益和承担的保护成本存在差异,新生代获得的收益最多,从而对自然资源利用相对最少,而老一代承担的保护成本最大,从而更倾向于过度消耗自然资源。因此,本文从引导劳动力实现生计方式的非农转型、完善保护区相关补偿制度和开展各类社区发展项目3个角度提出建议,尝试为破解保护区与社区冲突难题提供参考。

The conflict between protected areas and community livelihoods not only restricts the effectiveness of biodiversity protection,but also constitutes a huge obstacle to promoting the coordinated development of the ecological economy of protected areas and rural communities.The natural resource utilization behavior of rural households is an important factor in this conflict.However,due to the combined effects of the large number of rural labor migration and the benefit policy of protected areas,the natural resource utilization intensity of the rural households around protected areas has declined,and the changes have significant intergenerational characteristics.Therefore,it is of great value to analyze the heterogeneity of rural household natural resource utilization behavior from the perspective of intergenerational differences and to predict the future trend of conflict.In this study,943 rural households in the surrounding areas of 17 nature reserves in Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces were selected as the research objects,and the Double-Hurdle model was used to empirically analyze the natural resource utilization behavior of rural households in different generations.The results of the study show that:(1)The intensity of natural resource utilization of rural households around the reserves generally showed a pattern of old generation>middle generation>young generation,indicating that the resource utilization conflict between the old generation and the reserve is the most intense.(2)The proportion of non-agricultural employment has a negative regulating effect on the natural resource utilization behaviors of rural households in different generations.The higher the proportion of non-agricultural employment,the less resource utilization behavior of rural households and the smaller the conflict with the protected area.(3)There are differences in protection benefits and protection costs borne by rural households of different generations.The young generation receives the most benefits hence utilizes less natural resources,while the old generation bears the most costs hence tends to over-exploit natural resources.Therefore,this research recommends rationally shaping the transformation of rural household livelihoods,and establishing and improving the benefit distribution and damage compensation mechanisms.It may provide a useful reference for resolving the conflicts between protected areas and rural communities.