现代教研制度视域下清末民国时期中小学“批评会”的引入及其意义

The Introduction and Significance of“Criticism Conferences”in Elementary and Secondary School in the Late-Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China from the Perspective of Modern Teaching Research Institution

批评会是清末民国时期的一种重要教研活动方式,也是现在听评课的初级形态。清末新政时期,批评会通过来华日本教习直接组织、国人赴日考察参观和学人编译推介三种方式引入中国。民国前期,批评会以师范附属学校为媒介,从直隶、江苏拓展至其余东部沿海地区。民国中后期,在教育辅导制度、教研组织和实习制度的联合推动下,批评会开始向全国推广,中西部地区也开始实施批评会。批评会的流程一般分为教者自陈、质问与答辩、会员批评和主席总评四步。批评内容集中于教材、教法、教师和学生,其中,教学法是批评会讨论的核心问题。批评会立足课堂教学,直指问题,以改善教学为目的,在帮助教师掌握现代教学规范、进行教学反思方面发挥了重要作用。

Criticism conferences is an important mode of teaching and research activities in the late-Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,and it is also the primary form of attending and evaluating courses.In the late-Qing Dynasty,the criticism conferences was introduced to China through three methods:direct organization of Japanese teachers,Chinese went to Japan investigation and visit,and scholars translation and recommendation.In the early period of the Republic of China,the criticism conferences expanded from Zhili and Jiangsu province to other eastern coastal areas through the media of affiliated school of normal schools.In the middle and late period of the Republic of China,under the joint promotion of the educational guidance system,teaching and research organization,and internship system,criticism conferences began to spread to the whole country.The process of the criticism conferences is generally divided into four steps:teacher’s self-reporting,questioning and replying,member's criticism and chairman’s criticism.The criticism conferences mainly focuses on teaching materials,teaching methods,teachers and students.Criticism conferences was based on the classroom teaching,directly pointing out the problems and aims to help lecturers improve their teaching.It plays an important role in helping teachers to master modern teaching norms and reflect on teaching.