《全球华语大词典》异名同实词语的综合考察

A Comprehensive Study on Synonyms in Global Chinese Dictionary

文章以《全球华语大词典》为研究语料,对词典收录的2305组异名词语进行了基本调查,发现其相对于现代汉语呈现出“同组多词化”的特点。在此基础上,文章以组为单位考察其词义特点,发现它们“以具体名物描写为主,兼顾对人与社会的观察”,同时引入“区”的视角,一方面将差异类型从词语流通范围角度划分为含通用词类以及不含通用词类的“使用地区完全相同”“使用地区部分相同”“使用地区完全不同”四类,分别对应大华语圈内异名同实词语产生、词形竞争、优势词形取得通用词地位这几个阶段,一方面将其产生的根本原因归结为大华语圈内各区社会背景和造词心理的差异,并对这种差异下产生的五种基本词语借入、构造方式的差异类型进行了举例说明。

Taking Global Chinese Dictionary as the research object, this paper makes a basic survey of the 2,305 groups of synonyms in the dictionary. It finds that the synonyms are characterized by “more words in the same group” when compared with those of modern Chinese. On this basis, the paper examines and summarizes the semantic features of the synonyms. Moreover, it introduces the perspective of “region” and classifies four different types of words based on the scope of their dissemination. The four types correspond to the several stages through which these words have evolved into words of common use. The causes for these differences are attributed to the differences in social background and wordcreation psychology among different regions. This paper also illustrates with examples the five basic difference types arising from such word building methods as borrowing.