清代苗族跨国迁徙路径考

An Investigation on the Transnational Migration Routes of Miao People in the Qing Dynasty

明末清初,部分苗族开始外徙,进入今天东南亚的越南、老挝以及泰国等国家。苗族在清代的跨国迁徙过程中,最先进入的国家是越南,早中期主要从广西迁出,晚期则主要从云南迁出。进入越南的苗族,一部分在19世纪初期开始进入老挝北部地区。稍晚时期,也有苗族直接从中国进入老挝。从两个不同方向进入老挝的苗族,很快就遍布老挝的北部山区,并在19世纪晚期开始越过湄公河进入泰国北部地区。至清末,进入越南、老挝、泰国北部山区的苗族,已发展成为这些国家北部山区最为重要的族群之一。

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the Miao people began to migrate to Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. The first country that the Miao people reached is Vietnam. In the early and mid-Qing Dynasty, Miao people who entered Vietnam were mainlyfrom Guangxi. In the late Qing dynasty, theyentered Vietnam from Yunnan Mainly. Some Miao people who had lived in Vietnam began to enter northern Laos in the early 19 th century.A little later than this period, some Miao people entered Laos from Chinadirectly. Miao people who entered Laos from two different directions spread across the mountains of northern Laos quickly and began crossing the Mekong River into northern Thailand in the late 19 th century. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Miao people had developed into one of the most important ethnic groups in the northern mountainous areas of these countries.