《史记》“农”“农民”“农夫”身份论

On the Identity of“Nong”,“Nongmin”,“Nongfu”in Records of the Historian

《史记》关于“农”之身份,往往“农商”“农虞商”“农工商贾”“农工商虞”“农工虞商贾”“农畜工虞商贾”并说。“农”指示职业即经济生活主题,并不具有阶级等次区分的意义。“农”作为社会身份,又有“农民”“农夫”“田农”“老农”等表述形式。少年司马迁有“耕牧”经历,熟悉农耕实践,亲近农村生活,对于农业经营有一定了解,对于农人艰苦生活心存同情。“农士工女”表述以“农”领先的顺次排列,除了对农耕在当时国民经济格局中地位的肯定而外,也表现出对作为支撑社会基本构成的主要支柱农人的尊重。司马迁似乎并没有对标识为“农”的行业人口进行明朗的阶级划分。《史记》所见“中家”“中民”,在农业人口中,或许可以对应《汉书》所见“中农”。《礼记》“上农夫”“中农”“下农夫”身份标识对于全面认识当时乡村社会结构有重要意义。他们的社会表现,司马迁应当了解。而“佣耕”“庸耕”涉及农村雇佣劳动关系的记录见于《史记》直接的记述。导致秦王朝覆灭与数年社会动荡的民众暴动使用“鉏櫌”等农具,后世所谓“黔首化为盗贼”者,其主要参与者是“起于陇亩”的农人。而《史记》言“天下之端,自涉发难”。所谓“秦、汉间为天地一大变局”,是由“少时”有“佣耕”经历的农人陈涉自大泽乡“发端”。

As to the status of“nong,”“nongshang,”“nongyushang”,“nonggongshanggu,”“nonggongshangyu,”“nonggongyushanggu,”and“nongxugongyushanggu”are often mentioned in Records of the Historian.“Nong”indicates agriculture occupation,namely the subject of economic life,while it does not distinguish between classes.As a social identity,“nong”also has other forms of expression,such as“nongmin”,“nongfu”,“tiannong”,“laonong”and so on.Sima Qian had the experience of“farming and grazing”when he was young.Therefore,he was familiar with farming practices,felt close to rural life,cherished a certain understanding of agricultural management and sympathy for the hard life of agriculture.The traditional expression of social status always put“nong”at first,which not only affirmed the position of farming in the national economic pattern at that time,but also showed respect for farmers as the main pillar supporting the basic structure of society.Sima Qian did not seem to have made a clear class division of the industrial population labeled“nong.”The expressions of“zhongjia”(middles-class family)and“zhongmin”(middle-class folks)seen in Records of the Historian may correspond to the“zhongnong”(middle-class farmer)appeared in the Book of Han.The identity marks of“upper-class farmer”,“middle-class farmer”and“lower-class farmer”in the Book of Rites are of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the rural social structure at that time.Sima Qian may know their social performance.However,the expression of“yonggeng”related to rural wage-labor relationship are directly recorded in Records of the Historian.The riots that led to the fall of the Qin dynasty and years of social unrest involved agricultural tools such as“hoe”.Later,the main participants of the event of“plain folks becoming bandits”were farmers“rising from cultivated land”.Records of the Historian states that“the end of the dynasty results from the rebellion of Chen She who launched the first large-scale peasant uprising in the Chinese history”.The so-called“great change of the nation during Qin-Han period”is caused by the“uprising”launched by Chen She who had the experience of“yonggeng”in Daze town.