滑稽戏的审美特质研究

A Study of the Aesthetic Characteristics of Huajixi

滑稽戏在百余年的发展历程中,形成独具一格的审美特质。其一,滑稽戏以滑稽性为主要审美特性,滑稽戏的滑稽性具有狂欢性、反常性和游戏性。中西交融的上海都市文化的多元化,带来滑稽戏狂欢性的多声部特色;民间滑稽文化带来滑稽戏语言的狂欢;滑稽戏艺术自身的交叉性和边缘性带来狂欢性的边缘化特征。滑稽戏的反常性包括悖反常貌、悖反常态、悖反常言、悖反日常情境、悖反常理以及悖反常规思维等类型。而滑稽戏的游戏性体现在创作主体的反事实想象的游戏思维、接受主体拥有游戏心境及其审美功能的欣悦喜乐。其二,民间性为滑稽戏的文化渊源,主要体现在创作题材、审美趣味、民俗事象等方面。其三,情节的纵向线性结构与噱头的横向板块结构始终是左右滑稽戏的两极,两者结合程度决定滑稽戏的优劣成败。

In the course of more than 100 years of development,Huajixi(a kind of traditional farce popular in Shanghai and nearby areas) has gradually formed unique aesthetic characteristics.Firstly,the main aesthetic characteristic is its comicality,which means being carnival,abnormal and playful.The diversity of Shanghai’s urban culture which integrates the cultures of China and the West brings about the multi-voice features of carnival in Huajixi.The folk comic culture brings about the carnival of comic language.Involving different arts and being marginal by nature,Huajixi shows the characteristic of carnival marginalization.Its abnormality is mainly reflected by those elements that are against normal appearances,states,words,daily situations,and logical and conventional thinking.The playfulness of Huajixi is embodied in the creators’ game thinking with counterfactual imagination,and the receivers’ game mood and the joy of its aesthetic function.Secondly,the folk feature is the cultural root of Huajixi,which is mainly reflected in themes,aesthetic taste,and folk events.Thirdly,the vertical linear structure of plots and the horizontal plate structure of gimmicks are always the two poles of Huajixi.The combination of the two determines the success or failure of Huajixi.