跨媒介时代文学本质的语境论构建

Contextualism Construction on the Essence of Literature in the Cross-Media Era

传统文学本质论建立于“纯文学”观念基础之上,以“内在论”作为思考的方式,这无法解释“泛文学”的文学现实。文学本质论将文学的本质视为一种永恒不变的东西,默认了艺术现象和文学本质具有一个由固定到流动、从深层指向表层的清晰意义结构。语境诗学为文学理论提供了“情境”范畴并试图解决当下的诗学困境,它认为文学不可能存在一种确定的意义解释,更不可能占据稳固的本质等待具象“分有”。文学是有本质的,只不过这种本质并非是形而上、实体性的本质或“是其所是”的本体性存在,也非“自然本质”和“文本内在物”,而是一种语境性的本质。在语境诗学看来,文学本质上是一种关系性与实体性兼有的存在;文学本质是一种动态性的生成过程,而非预成性的静止状态;文学作为一种整体的存在,既包括语言言说的文本,也包括非语言的情境,即文学是作为在场文本和不在场语境的整体。

Traditional literary essence theory is based on the concept of “pure literature”, using “internalism” as a way of thinking, which cannot explain the literary reality of “pan-literature”. The theory of literary essence regards the essence of literature as an immutable thing, tacitly agreeing that artistic phenomena and artistic essence have a clear meaning structure from fixed to fluid, from deep to surface. Contextual poetics provides the category of “context” for literary theory and tries to solve the current poetic dilemma. It believes that it is impossible for literature to have a definite interpretation of meaning, and it is impossible for literature to occupy a solid essence and wait for the concrete to “divide.” Literature has an essence, but this essence is not a metaphysical, substantive essence, the ontological existence of “what it is”, nor is it “natural essence” and “textual internals”, but a kind of context. From the perspective of contextual poetics, the essence of literature is a relational and substantive existence;the essence of literature is a dynamic process of generation rather than a preformed static state;literature is an existence as a whole, it includes both verbal and non-verbal contexts, that is, literature is the whole of the present text and the absent context.