马基雅维利的激进主义解读:从葛兰西、阿尔都塞到奈格里

An Interpretation of Machiavelli’s Radicalism:From Gramsci, Althusser to Negri

除了君主主义和共和主义的传统解读之外,马基雅维利在以葛兰西、阿尔都塞、奈格里为代表的马克思主义者那里呈现出了另一种激进主义的面相。面对四分五裂的意大利,马基雅维利并非从价值层面去构建一个理想政治共同体的模型,而是从经验层面思考如何从无到有地创制一个新的民族国家。这样的政治计划拒斥了一切超验的决定论因素,其中所彰显出来的实践和革命的维度,也成为葛兰西、阿尔都塞、奈格里重建历史唯物主义的思想资源。因而,马基雅维利的价值并非是提供了一种关于政治的一般理论,而是揭示和阐明了一种看待世界的独特方式,即如何在士气低迷和极度沮丧的时刻,仍然保有对一个新世界的向往并思考如何去创制它。

In addition to the traditional monarchist and republican interpretations of Machiavelli, another interpretation of Machiavelli’s radicalism within the Marxists tradition exists and is represented by Gramsci,Althusser and Negri. Viewed from this radical approach, facing a fragmented Italy, Machiavelli did not construct a model of an ideal political community from the perspective of values, but formed an empirical insight on how to create a new nation-state from scratch. Such a political project rejected all transcendental deterministic factors,and the practical and revolutionary dimensions at core of this radical Machiavelli became important theoretical resources for Gramsci, Althusser, and Negri to reconstruct historical materialism. Viewed in this light, Machiavelli’s value lies not in providing a general theory of politics, but in revealing and illuminating a unique way of looking at the world by strategizing for a new world and thinking about how to create it in a period of revolutionary stagnation and frustration.