马克思对资本主义社会异化劳动下审美贫困的反思与批判

Marx’s Reflection and Criticism on Aesthetic Poverty Under Capitalist Alienated Labor

在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(下文简称《手稿》)中,马克思通过对资本主义制度下异化劳动现象的分析,对造成资本主义社会初级阶段工人阶级普遍贫困化的深刻反思,为我们揭示了资本主义制度的反人类本质和反自然性质。工人的贫困化既包括物质的贫困化,也包括精神的贫困化。在《手稿》中,马克思通过对资本主义社会因劳动异化而造成的社会审美贫困,导致整个资本主义社会发展初期人的精神异化现象产生,分析揭示了资本主义社会的剥削本质和反自然的制度属性。资本主义社会往往通过剥削人来控制自然,反过来又通过自然加深对工人的盘剥与压榨。资本主义社会造成的工人阶级的贫困也使得自然陷于极端丑陋的状态中;工人生活在文明的阴沟中,而自然处于荒芜的窘态下。因此,对资本主义社会审美贫困的反思与批判既要着眼于工人阶级自身的自由,也要关注自然本身的解放。如果异化劳动难以消除,审美的贫困化就难以彻底改变;而只有发展到了共产主义阶段,人类才能实现真正的自由,自然才能获得彻底的解放。

In Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in 1844, Marx(hereinafter referred to as Manuscripts), through the analysis of alienated labor under the capitalist system, deeply reflected on the general poverty of the working class in the primary stage of capitalist society, and revealed the anti-human nature and anti-natural nature of the capitalist system for us. The impoverishment of workers includes both material impoverishment and spiritual impoverishment. In Manuscript, Marx reveals the exploitative nature and anti-natural institutional attribute of capitalist society by analyzing the social aesthetic poverty caused by labor alienation in capitalist society, which leads to the spiritual alienation of people in the early stage of the development of the whole capitalist society. Capitalist society often controls nature by exploiting people, which in turn deepens the exploitation and squeezing of workers through nature. The poverty of the working class caused by capitalist society also makes nature fall into an extremely ugly state;Workers live in the gutter of civilization, while nature is in a barren embarrassment. Therefore, the reflection and criticism of aesthetic poverty in capitalist society should not only focus on the freedom of the working class itself, but also pay attention to the liberation of nature itself. If alienated labor is difficult to eliminate, the poverty of aesthetics will be difficult to completely change;Only when it develops to the Communist stage can human beings realize real freedom and nature be completely liberated.