预防性刑法观视域下冒名顶替罪的法教义学阐释

Legal Doctrinal Interpretation of Imposters Under the Perspective of Preventive Criminal Law

《刑法修正案(十一)》增设冒名顶替罪是预防性刑法理念的体现。冒名顶替罪保护的法益为社会资源的公平分配秩序,具体为高等学历教育资源的公平分配秩序、公务员录用资源的公平分配秩序、就业安置待遇资源的公平分配秩序。盗用指未经他人同意而擅自使用,冒用指存在合意的情形,身份指一个人真实的社会标识属性。冒名与顶替之间是递进关系。对高等学历教育入学资格的范围应以高等学历教育的教育种类为依据进行认定,不应局限于全日制普通高校领域。公务员录用资格包括考录制和聘用制两种方式。就业安置待遇主要在于突出针对对象与具体待遇的特殊性。本罪第二款属于共同犯罪行为的特殊量刑规则,第三款为法律拟制的数罪条款。应将本罪界定为状态犯,而非继续犯,这有助于准确判定本罪的追诉时效问题。

The addition of imposters to the Criminal Law Amendment(XI)is the embodiment of the concept of preventive criminal law.The legal benefits protected by impersonation are the order of fair distribution of social resources,specifically the order of fair distribution of resources for higher education,the order of fair distribution of resources for the recruitment of civil servants,and the order of fair distribution of resources for job placement.Misappropriation refers to the unauthorized use of others without their consent,fraudulent use refers to the existence of a consensual situation,and identity refers to a person’s true social identification attributes.There is a progressive relationship between impersonation and substitution.The scope of entrance qualifications for higher education should be determined on the basis of the type of education of higher education,and should not be limited to the field of fulltime ordinary colleges and universities.The qualifications for the recruitment of civil servants include two methods:examination recording and employment system.The main purpose of job placement treatment is to highlight the particularity of target and specific treatment.The second paragraph of this crime belongs to the special sentencing rules for joint criminal acts,and the third paragraph is a number of crimes provisions formulated by law.This offence should be defined as a status offender rather than a continuing offence,which would help to accurately determine the issue of the statute of limitations for this offence.