小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的作用研究进展

Research progress on the role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease

小胶质细胞(microglia, MG)是中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)重要的常驻免疫细胞,在大脑的发育、维持脑功能以及内稳态中起到重要作用。研究表明,MG在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的发生发展过程中具有双重调节作用:一方面MG可以对β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid, Aβ)以及细胞碎片进行吞噬并通过表达清道夫受体,起到神经保护作用;另一方面,MG也会因为异常激活而大量表达核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小体与Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs),激活补体机制,使疾病加重。本文从MG的生理特征入手,就其在AD中的作用进行综述,为AD的治疗提供新的思路。

Microglia(MG) is a type of key resident immune cells in the central nervous system(CNS) and plays an important role in brain development, maintenance of brain function and internal brain homeostasis. Studies have shown that MG played a dual regulatory role in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer’s disease(AD). On the one hand, MG could phagocytose β-amyloid(Aβ) and cell debris, as well as exhibited neuroprotective effects through expressing scavenger receptors. On the other hand, MG also expressed nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome and Toll-like receptors(TLRs) in large quantities due to abnormal activation, which activated the complement mechanism and aggravated the disease. This paper reviews the physiological characteristics of MG and its role in AD, as well as provides new ideas for the treatment of AD.