全球化语境下的双年展机制与机构合作——以上海双年展为例

Biennial Mechanism and Institutional Cooperation Within the Context of Globalization——Regarding Shanghai Biennale as an Example

20世纪90年代后期,双年展(意大利文Biennale,或英文Biennial),这种长期的(perennial)大型艺术展览(Mega-exhibition or Large-scale art exhibition),在全球化的推动下在各个区域内涌现,成为当代艺术世界中最为重要的一种展览模式。由于这种展览往往需要大量的人力、物力,其巨大的规模与投入,通常需要当地政府及机构的支持,于是它们在与美术馆的合作过程中,拓展了当代艺术的传播途径,同时也为公众提供了更为丰富的公共教育功能。伴随着多元化的艺术形式被引入展览中,双年展作为艺术与文化交流的新平台,通过艺术展示与其独特的互动性作用,重新邀请观众回到美术馆中参观体验。此外,这种大型的艺术展览逐步强调独立策展的重要性,也引导着当代艺术在策展实践方面的发展,在历经了100多年后,作为见证现当代艺术发展的主要载体,成为展览史与策展史研究的主要部分,也被纳入艺术史、艺术学理论、社会学、政治学等多个学科领域的研究范畴内。本文将基于对国内外双年展的认识基础上,通过跨学科的知识研究分析,论述双年展在当代艺术、机构发展与策展等领域内的影响及作用,且将主要着重于对于双年展机制的研究,论述其在与机构的合作当中,如何创建一种具有互动式且能够引导观众返回机构进行再体验的模式。此外,本文以上海双年展为例,阐述了在上海都市化进程中,在见证上海美术馆(SAM)到上海当代艺术博物馆(PSA)的机构变迁与发展中,大型艺术展览模式与策展方式的转变为美术馆带来的巨大潜能与公众效应。

In the late 1990s, the ‘Biennale’(Italian) or ‘Biennial’(English) emerged as a perennial large-scale exhibition or megaexhibition within the context of the globalization. The ‘Biennial’ model has become the most crucial exhibition format in the contemporary world. This stereotyped exhibition model often requires a lot of human and material resources, large-scale and significant investment, and cannot be separated from the support of local governments and institutions. In cooperating with the museums, Biennales expand the dissemination of contemporary art to different channels and provide the public with a more diverse and more affluent public education. Incorporating various art forms into the exhibition, Biennale, as a new platform for artistic and cultural exchanges, brings the audience back to the museum with its unique interactive function. In addition, this exhibition mode gradually emphasized the importance of curation, which impacted the curatorial practice of contemporary art. Since the development of the Biennale for more than 100 years, as an essential carrier to witness the growth of modern and contemporary art, the central part of exhibition curation has been incorporated into the scope of art history research, art theory, sociology, political science and other disciplines. This essay will explore the fundamental impact and role of biennials in the context of contemporary art, institutional development, and curation through interdisciplinary intellectual research and analysis based on the understanding of international biennials. It focuses on the research on the mechanism of the Biennale and discusses how biennales can create an interactive role for the public and improve the experience. Finally, take the Shanghai Biennale(1996-2012) as a case study. In Shanghai’s urbanization, the Shanghai Biennale witnessed the institutional change and development from the Shanghai Art Museum(SAM) to the Power Station of Art(PSA). The transformation of the large-scale art exhibition mode and curatorial approach of the Shanghai Biennale has also brought colossal potential and public effects to the museum.