牧区汉族的在地化——基于新疆维吾尔自治区阿尔泰山草原的多点民族志调查

Localization of Han Ethnic People in Pastoral Areas: Research Based on Multi-sited Ethnographic Survey on Altai Mountain Grassland in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

清末以来,汉族持续迁入今新疆维吾尔自治区阿尔泰山草原,广泛分布到牧区和农区,逐渐形成深度融入型、点状嵌入型、带状嵌入型和悬浮型四种基本类型。本文通过对阿尔泰山草原6个社区的多点民族志调查,从“在地化”视角描述和分析牧区汉族社会文化的共同性与差异性。调查发现,共同性表现在农牧结合的生计方式、地方化的生活方式、简化的社会结构与融合性的文化等四个方面。差异性表现为牧业在家庭生计中的重要性、生活方式地方化的程度、与其他民族社会交往的频率与层次、对其他民族文化认识的深度和对阿尔泰山草原的了解认同等五个方面的区别。共同性与差异性是牧区汉族“在地化”的结果。一方面,迁入汉族需要调整生计与生活方式以适应阿尔泰山草原的自然生态环境,在迁入地重构社会结构,在与其他民族的互动中推动文化创新发展;另一方面,迁入后因所处自然与人文“小环境”的不同,在生计与生活方式、社会关系、文化观念等方面又产生了新的变化。文章认为,牧区汉族的“在地化”源于国家在场、边地情境与人群抉择三方面因素的互动,催生了具有牧区属性的社会文化特征。汉族“在地化”的研究有助于深化对中华民族共同体形成与发展的认识,可为铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供重要的文化资本。

Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Han ethnic people have continued to move to the Altai Mountains in today’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and widely distributed in both pastoral areas and agricultural areas. It resulted in four basic types of migration formats, i.e. deep integration, sporadic embedding, belt embedding and suspension.This paper describes and analyzes the commonality and differences of the Han ethnic people in pastoral areas through the ethnographic survey of the six communities from the perspective of “localization”.The survey found that the commonality is manifested in the four aspects of combining agriculture and animal husbandry with the livelihood mode, adopting local lifestyle, simplifying social structure and integrating culture. The difference is manifested in the importance of animal husbandry in family livelihood, the degree of lifestyle localization, the frequency and level of social communication with other ethnic groups, the depth of understanding of other ethnic cultures and the recognition of the Altai Mountain grassland.Commonality and difference are the result of “localization” of ethnic Han in pastoral areas.On the one hand, the ethnic Han need to adjust their livelihood and lifestyle to adapt to the natural ecological environment of the Altai Mountain Grassland, reconstruct the social structure in the local destination place of migration, and promote cultural innovation and development in the interaction with other ethnic groups.On the other hand, due to the difference in the natural and human “small environment”, new changes have taken place in the aspects of livelihood and lifestyle, social relations and cultural concepts.The article believes that the “localization” of the ethnic Han in pastoral areas is rooted in the interaction between the presence of the state, the border situation and the choice of the population, which accelerated the emergence of the social and cultural characteristics of pastoral areas.The study of “localization” of ethnic Han is helpful to deepen the understanding of the formation and development of the Chinese national community, and can provide important cultural capital for forging the community sense of the Chinese nation.