彝语义诺话味觉词的语义分析

Semantic Analysis on Words about Taste in Yi Nuo Dialect of Yi Ethnic Language

味觉词是彝语形容词词汇系统中非常重要的一类特殊的词族,具有鲜明的特点,彝语味觉词语义的形成,是一个长期的认识感知的历史过程。研究味觉词的语义,对整个彝语形容词及其他词类语义的分析、研究具有重要的价值。本文的分析步骤:一是描写彝语义诺话味觉词系统。其味觉词系统由单味味觉词、混合味觉词和程度味觉词等构成;二是对味觉词进行义素、义位的分析并考察味觉词结构系统及其语义构成。从义素分析得出,义诺话味觉词语义场的结构比较简单,只有三个层次。从义位的描写分析来看,其比喻义位与其他形容词如颜色词等的比喻义位相比则显得较为贫乏而不发达;三是根据味觉词系统的语义构成、亲属语言间的比较及味觉词与其他词类组合等情形,揭示出彝语义诺话味觉词语义产生的历史顺序及其语义的特点。彝语义诺话味觉词语义产生的顺序大致是:最早出现的味觉词是单味味觉词,由单味味觉词合成的混合味觉词和程度味觉词是后来才产生的。从彝语词汇产生的历史和彝语味觉词的实际情况来看,彝语味觉词中的部分最初只是表示具有这一味觉的具体事物的名称,进而才抽象为更宽泛的味觉概念。还讨论了彝语义诺话味觉词中如“甜”和“咸”、“苦”与“咸”等许多错综复杂关系的缘由。

Words about taste are a very important special word family in the vocabulary system of ethnic Yi language adjectives, with distinctive characteristics. The formation of semantics of taste word meaning in Yi language is a long-term historical process of cognition and perception. The study of the semantics of taste words is of great importance to analyze and study the semantics of the overall Yi language adjectives and other words. The article adopted following steps for the analysis: first is description of the Yi semantic Yi Nuo taste word system. Its taste word system consists of single taste words, mixed taste words and degree of taste words. The second is to analyze seme and meme of taste words and investigate the structure system of taste words and their semantic composition. From the analysis of seme, the structure of Yi Nuo dialect taste words semantic field is comparatively simple which includes three levels. From the descriptive analysis of seme, it metaphorical seme appears to be relatively poor and underdeveloped compared with other adjectives such as color words. Third, according to the semantic composition of the taste word system, the comparison between relatives and the combination of taste words and other words, the historical order and semantic characteristics of the Yi Nuo dialect taste words are thus revealed. The order of the meaning of taste words in Yi Nuo dialect of Yi language is roughly as follows: the first creation of taste words were single taste words, and the mixed taste words compounded by single taste words and the degree taste words were created later afterwards.From the history of the creation of of Yi vocabulary and the actual situation of Yi language taste words, part of the taste words in Yi language initially meant the name of the specific thing that has this taste, and then it was developed into an extended taste conception in abstracted meanings. The article also discussed the reasons for the complex relationship between Yi Nuo dialect taste words, such as “sweet” and “salty”, “bitter” and “salty”.