清代蒙古文《大藏经》翻译、刊行及其流传的历史考察

Translation, Publication and Spread of the Mongolian Tripitaka in the Qing Dynasty

元代以来蒙古族高僧对梵、藏文佛经的不断蒙译、16-18世纪蒙古地区形成的寺院教育网络和清朝极力扶植藏传佛教以及对各民族推行“同文治之”的文化政策等对清代藏文《甘珠尔》《丹珠尔》完整地被翻译成蒙古文并木刻刊行提供了政治文化条件。康熙、乾隆为首的清朝统治者不仅提倡以蒙古文翻译、刊刻《甘珠尔》《丹珠尔》的佛教文化工程,还直接参与了它的定价以及颁行环节。而内蒙古东部蒙旗之所以更多地迎请或直到20世纪上半期还能够大量收藏蒙古文《甘珠尔》《丹珠尔》,其很重要的原因是与一世内齐托音呼图克图及其众弟子在东部蒙古各部用蒙古语传播藏传佛教教义教规或以蒙古语诵经的历史传统有直接的关系。值得一提的是,清代藏文《大藏经》完整地被翻译成蒙古文并木刻刊行,不仅促进了蒙、藏、汉、满等多民族之间佛教文化的深度交流,而且对藏传佛教的本土化、中国化发展历史起了举足轻重的作用。

Since the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian eminent monks have continuously translated the Sanskrit and Tibetan Buddhist scriptures into Mongolian. The temple education network formed in Mongolia in the 16 th and 18 th centuries and the Qing Dynasty’s vigorous supporting Tibetan Buddhism and the cultural policy of “governing the country through adopting common language”for all ethnic groups provided the political and cultural translation of Tibetan Kangyur and Tengyur into Mongolian and published in wood engraving. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty led by emperor Kangxi and Qianlong not only advocated the Buddhist cultural project of publishing and Mongolian translation of Kangyur and Tengyur but also directly participated in its pricing and implementation. The main reason for eastern Inner Mongolia can have and keep large collection of Mongolian Kangyur and Tengyur until the first half of the 20 th century is directly due to the promotion of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolian by the first generation Neiqi Tuoyin Khutugtu and his disciples and the tradition of chanting Buddhist scriptures in Mongolian. It is worth mentioning that the complete translation of Tripitaka in the Qing Dynasty into Mongolian and made into woodcut prints did not only promote the in-depth exchange of Buddhist culture among Mongolian, Tibetan, Han and Manchu ethnic groups, but also played a pivotal role in the localization and Chinese development history of Tibetan Buddhism.