王朝“礼法”与村寨“婚俗”——以清代都柳江流域“破姓开亲”为中心

Dynasty “Ritual and Law” and Village “Marriage Custom”: Focusing on “Breaking Family Names to Open Marriage” in Duliu River Basin in Qing Dynasty

在中央王朝整合西南边疆社会的过程中,中国历代王朝“礼法”制度在西南地区的推行是关键问题。本文以清代都柳江“洞苗”村寨婚俗的形成和演变过程,来透视明清以降整个都柳江流域社会经历的多层次“礼俗”互构与“法理”互通,以此协调族群关系,实现村寨“理俗”与王朝“礼法”制度整合的历史进程。明清时期,中央王朝在西南地区实施“教化”政策——强调“同姓不婚”的礼法规范——与都柳江流域村寨民众的传统“婚俗”产生剧烈冲突。在王朝“礼法”与村寨“婚俗”的互动过程中,都柳江沿河“洞苗”村寨联合采用“破姓开亲”的婚俗改革来因应既有婚姻规则所遭遇的内外危机,以此重构通婚网络,使得“破姓开亲”成为“洞苗”人群在村寨“婚俗”与王朝“礼法”之间进行调适的重要策略,实现了村寨内部的社会稳定和通婚有序。“破姓开亲”的婚俗改革一方面显示出明清王朝“礼法”制度逐步渗入“洞苗”村寨社会,对普通民众生活习俗与伦理观念产生了相当程度的影响;另一方面“洞苗”村寨人群借由通婚规则的调整,将王朝“礼法”与村寨“理俗”相互调适,既顺应了官方“礼法”制度,也维持了村寨“理俗”传统,从而推动了清代以降都柳江流域不同民族群体之间交往交流交融的区域社会历史进程。

In the process of integrating the southwest frontier society by the Central Dynasty, the implementation of the “ritual and law” system of Chinese dynasties in southwestern China is the key issue. Based on the formation and evolution of the marriage customs in “Dong Miao” village of Duliu River Basin in the Qing Dynasty, the article depicts the multi-level “ritual and customs” mutual construction and interconnection of “law and principles” experienced in the society in the Duliu River Basin since the Ming and Qing dynasties. This is aimed to coordinate the ethnic relations and realize the historical process of the integration of the village “principles and customs” with the dynasty’s “ritual and law” system. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Central Dynasty implemented the policy of “educating people” in the southwest region, and emphasized that “people of the same family name should not get married”, both of which strongly clashed with the traditional “marriage customs” in villages in the Dujiang River Basin. In the interaction process between the Dynasty’s “ritual and law” and village’s “marriage customs”, the “Dong Miao” villages along the Duliu River adopted marriage custom reform of “breaking family names to open marriage” to cope with the internal and external crisis of existing marriage rules, so as to reconstruct the intermarriage network. Thus it made “breaking family names to open marriage” an important strategy for local “Dong Miao” village people to adjust between village’s “marriage custom” and Dynasty’s “ritual and law”, which has realized the internal social stability and orderly intermarriage inside the village. On the one hand, the marriage custom reform of “breaking family names to open marriage” shows that the “ritual and law” system of the Ming and Qing dynasties gradually penetrated into the village society of “Dong Miao” village society, which made a significant impact on the living customs and ethical concepts of ordinary people;while on the other hand, by adjustment of the intermarriage rules of the people in the “Dong Miao” villages allowed the compatibility of the Dynasty’s “ritual and law” and the “principles and customs” of the village, thus meeting the official “ritual and law” system, and maintaining “principles and customs” tradition of the village. As a result, the regional social and historical process of exchange, communication and integration among different ethnic groups in the Duliu River Basin since the Qing Dynasty was promoted.