农田涝渍灾害研究进展

Advances in research on cropland waterlogging disaster

农田涝渍灾害是我国传统的农业气象灾种之一。为了解我国农田涝渍灾害研究现状和研究进展,综述了农田涝渍灾害形成过程、涝渍胁迫影响农作物形态及生理和产量机理、涝渍排水和灾害等级指标、涝渍灾害风险及灾损评估、涝渍灾害防控技术等,揭示了强降水和持续性降水造成农田积水或土壤水分过饱和、引起作物根系和植株缺氧、诱发根系活性氧自由基急剧变化并对作物根系、叶片和茎鞘细胞发生过氧化反应而致灾的机理过程。文献数据分析表明:涝渍胁迫持续时间越长,对作物株高、叶绿素含量、叶片光合和呼吸作用和产量及构成影响越大。我国玉米生产最易遭受涝渍胁迫而致灾,平均减产率43.7%。小麦、棉花等农作物平均减产率在35%~20%。涝渍胁迫影响干物质分配和减产机理、分作物种类的灾损评估指标体系等缺乏深入研究,是今后重点研究方向。

The disaster induced by waterlogging stress in cropland is one of the traditional agro-meteorological disasters in China. In order to understand the research progress on cropland waterlogging disaster, large number of references were reviewed and analyzed regarding the disaster forming process of cropland waterlogging, the causing mechanism on crop morphological and physiological traits and its yields, the indices of field drainage and grade standards, the risk analysis and losses assessment, and the preventing and controlling technologies. The disaster causing mechanism was revealed for heavy precipitation and persistent precipitation caused farmland waterlogging or soil moisture supersaturating, leading to hypoxia in roots and then in leave of crops, inducing sharpening changes in root reactive oxygen species, and resulting in the peroxidation in roots, shoots, leaves, and stems of crops, and eventually forming disasters. The data analysis based on references showed that the longer the duration of waterlogging stresses, the greater the impact on crop height, chlorophyll content, leaf photosynthesis and respiration, yield and its components. The maize planting in China was more prone to waterlogging stress, with the decrease rate of yield by 43.7% on average, and the average yield reduction rate of wheat, rapeseed, rice, cotton, and soybean ranges from 35% to 20%. There is little in-depth research on the waterlogging stress mechanism in biomass distribution and yield reduction, and on the assessment index system of waterlogging damage by different crop types, which will be the key research focus in the future.