论商品交换中的双重抽象及其历史唯物主义基础——基于《脑力劳动与体力劳动》的历史唯物主义分析

On double abstraction in commodity exchange and its historical materialism basis--An analysis of historical materialism based on Intellectual and manual labour

德国马克思主义学者索恩-雷特尔在其《脑力劳动与体力劳动》一书中试图将马克思的商品拜物教理论与康德的先验哲学沟通起来,并在此基础上激活了康德哲学中的马克思意蕴。从马克思的商品交换理论出发,索恩-雷特尔提出了商品交换中的双重抽象(交换抽象与思维抽象)及其所蕴含的康德哲学基础,并从微观视野将马克思历史唯物主义的宏大叙事奠基于商品交换的双重抽象的基础上。因此,对马克思的商品交换中的双重抽象及其康德先验哲学的分析就构成了索恩-雷特尔《脑力劳动与体力劳动》一书的核心。本文首先探讨了索恩-雷特尔是如何将马克思的商品交换理论与康德的先验哲学关联起来的,并在此基础上引出了商品交换中的双重抽象概念;其次,探讨了索恩-雷特尔论述的关于商品交换中双重抽象之间的辩证关系,并分析了交换抽象向思维抽象的转化,证明了交换抽象与思维抽象之间的奠基性关联;最后,索恩-雷特尔指出由双重抽象构成的先验的社会形式即社会综合,社会综合是真正构成康德先天综合的现实历史唯物主义基础。

Sohn-Rethel, a German Marxist scholar, tried to communicate Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism with Kant’s transcendental philosophy in his book Intellectual and manual labour, and on this basis activated Marx in Kant’s philosophy meaning. Starting from Marx’s theory of commodity exchange, Sohn-Rethel proposes the double abstraction(exchange abstraction and thinking abstraction) in commodity exchange and the Kant philosophical basis it contains, and from a microscopic perspective, the grand narrative of Marx’s historical materialism is based on the double abstraction of commodity exchange. Thus, the analysis of the double abstraction in Marx’s exchange of commodities and of Kant’s transcendental philosophy forms the core of Sohn-Rethel’s Intellectual and manual labour. This paper first discusses how Sohn-Rethel related Marx’s theory of commodity exchange to Kant’s transcendental philosophy, and on this basis leads to the double abstraction in commodity exchange;secondly, Sohn-Rethel discusses the dialectical relationship between the double abstractions in commodity exchange, and analyzes the transformation of exchange abstraction into thinking abstraction, proving the foundational connection between exchange abstraction and thinking abstraction;finally, Sohn-Rethel points out the a priori social from composed of double abstraction. The social form of Kant is the social synthesis;it is the social synthesis, not the transcendental synthesis, that really constitutes the actual historical materialistic basis of the synthesis of Kant’s a priori ideas.