古戏台形制结构演变的动因

Cause of evolution of shape and structure of ancient stages

中国古戏台历史悠久、数量众多、形制多样、结构复杂。问题是,其形制结构演变的动因是什么?本文基于田野考察和文献查证,发现古戏台形制结构的演变是古人为了解决其时出现的观演问题而进行的声学设计,本质上是古戏台声学技术的演进和声学功能的进化。具体而言,为了给演员营造良好的声环境,古人不仅采用围合表演区和观众席的方法阻隔环境噪声,还增建台顶和多种反射墙面增加声反馈;为了让民众(神灵)看见听清,古人不仅建造山门戏台、看楼和看亭来优化观演视线,还建造“二连贯”、“三连贯”、八字音壁或设置较复杂的耦合空腔来增进听闻。需要强调的是,后台设有耦合窑洞空腔的古戏台声效卓越,能从声、音、乐、调多个层级给民众(神灵)带来较佳听感,最终完成其听觉征服的任务,达到神人以和的目的。由是之故,古戏台本质上是古代哲匠精心设计的声学建筑,声学属性为其本质属性,声学价值为其核心价值。

Chinese ancient stages are characterized by long-standing history, various formations(including shapes and structures), complex structures, perfect acoustic effect.However, the question is: what is its cause of evolution?Based on fieldwork and literature verification, this paper found that the evolution of shape and structure of ancient stages is an acoustical design to solve the problem of watching the performance of that time, which,essentially, is an evolution of acoustical technologies of ancient stages and acoustical functions.Specifically, in order to create a great sound environment for the actors, the ancients not only used the method of encircling the performance area and the auditorium to block the environmental noise, but also built a roof and a variety of reflective walls to increase sound feedback.In order to make people(or spirits)see and hear clearly, the ancient people not only built mountain gate stages, viewing buildings and pavilion to optimize the line of sight of the performance, but also built "two coherent" and "three coherent", eight-character sound walls, or set up more complex coupling cavities to enhance hearing.What needs to be emphasized is that the ancient stage whose backstage set coupled cave cavity has excellent sound effect, which can bring a better sense of hearing to the people(spirits) from many levels like sound, music and tune, and finally achieve its aim of auditory conquest, achieving the goal of connecting spirits and people and reaching a state of harmony.Therefore, the ancient stage is essentially an acoustic building elaborately designed by ancient artisans, with acoustic attributes as its essential attributes and acoustic value as its core value.