主体与人称:利科新主体理论研究

Subject and Person:A Study of Paul Ric?ur’s Theory of New Subject

笛卡尔在“第二沉思”中确立了第一人称单数我思自我的主体地位,开启了近现代西方哲学探讨主体与人称关系问题的序幕。保罗·利科的《作为他者的自身》以语言哲学研究为开篇,包含了语用学和语义学两条进路,人称问题则始终贯穿于整个研究之中。在语用学进路上,话语表达的主体在其言语中自称为“我”,并以此预设了对话中的“你”“我—你”的极性将第三人称“他”排除在外;在语义学进路上,“人”则作为基本殊相成为了我们所谈论的“他”,主体由各种谓词界定,“我”和“你”甚至无需出现。面对人称问题,语用学和语义学展现出了全然不同的态度,这也造成了两者对待主体有着不同的态度。利科的新主体理论采取“迂回”方式,致力于促成上述两条进路的交互融合,尝试在作为话语主体的“我”与作为基本殊相的“人”的交汇处,在“我—你—他”的融合处给出关于“谁”的问题的合适答案。为此,利科不仅要在语言层面上阐明主体应当如何被认识,还应从语言角度回答“作为他者的自身”如何可能的问题。利科的语言哲学研究对其阐发新的主体理论具有重要理论意义,并始终与其回应主体疑难的目标相呼应。因此,聚焦作为他者的自身而非自我,并从主体与人称关系入手探究新主体理论,利科自身解释学中的语言哲学研究不仅为探讨自身与他者关系问题提出了全新的路径,还为沟通欧陆哲学和英美哲学的主体理论做出了创新探索。

In the “Second Meditation”, Descartes established the status of the subject as the first person singular, opening the door to modern Western philosophy’s exploration of the relationship between subject and person. Paul Ric?ur’s Oneself as Another begins with a study of the philosophy of language, including both pragmatics and semantics approaches, while the problem of person runs through the whole study. Under the pragmatic approach, the subject of discourse calls himself as “I” in his speech, and presupposes “you” in the dialogue, and then, the polarity of “I-you” excludes the third person “he”. Meanwhile, under the semantic approach, “man” as the “basic particular” becomes “he” that we are talking about, the subject is defined by various predicates, and “I” and “you” do not even need to appear. Faced with the problem of person, the pragmatic and semantic approaches show completely different attitudes, which also lead to their different attitudes toward the subject. Ric?ur’s theory of new subject adopts an approach of “detour”, which is committed to promoting the interactive integration of the above two approaches, trying to give an appropriate answer to the question of “who” at the intersection of “I” as the subject of discourse and “man” as the basic particular, at the integration of “I-you-he”. In order to do so, Ric?ur should not only clarify how the subject should be recognized at the level of language, but also answer the question of how “oneself as another” is possible from the perspective of language. The study of Ric?ur’s philosophy of language has important theoretical significance for his elucidation of the theory of new subject, and always echoes with his goal of responding to the aporia of the subject. Therefore, focusing on the self as the other rather than ego, and exploring the theory of new subject from the relationship between subject and person, Ric?ur’s philosophy of language not only proposes a new path for examining the relationship between the self and the other, but also provides an innovative exploration for communicating the subject theory of the continental philosophy and that of the analytic philosophy.