论乐、律的文化分离与汉代律历体系的确立

A Study of the Cultural Separation of Temperament from Music and the Establishment of the System of Temperament and Calendar in the Han Dynasty

中国古代的音乐发生论主要有心物相接、度数和声两种方式,两条主线在先秦时期便已呈现,并内在蕴含了秦汉时期乐与律在文化意义上相分离的倾向。学界对第一条线索研究成果颇多,但普遍忽略了对第二条线索的理解和把握。第一条线索以《礼记·乐记》为代表,塑造了儒家以德性为引导的传统乐论体系;第二条线索以《汉书·律历志》为代表,更为侧重乐律的制度与规范意义,是古代律历传统建立的基础。度、数内在要求着标准的确立,因此此种意义上的“律”能够在一定程度上超出音乐的范畴,而身兼“法准”的意义。在《汉书·律历志》中,黄钟律作为十二律之首,作为律、历循环的起点与社会制度的基础,最终确立了自身的根本地位。在文化的意义上,“律”也正式脱离了“乐”,而彻底成长为一个具有哲学意义的独立概念,黄钟律自汉代开始成为天道、正统和国家标准的共同符号象征。

There were two major generative theories of music in ancient China which were formed in the pre-Qin period and embodied the development tend of the cultural separation of temperament from music in the Qin and the Han dynasties, one being related to the connection between heart and matter;the other being related to degree and harmony. The scholars concerned have a quite a few research findings concerning the first theory while they often ignore a correct grasp of the second theory. The first one represented by The Book of Rites: Music helped form the ethical tradition in the Confucian music education, and the other represented by The History of the Former Han Dynasty: Temperament and Calendar was about the rule and criteria of temperament and its significance as the foundation. The degree and the number inherently required the establishment of criteria, and thus temperament could to a certain degree go beyond the category of music with a sense of legal criteria. In The History of the Former Han Dynasty:Recond of Temperament and Calendar, Huangzhong Temperament ranked first among the twelve kinds of temperament as the starting point of the recycle of Temperament and Calendar and the foundation of the social system with its confirmed key position. In the cultural sense, temperament also separated itself from “music” and became an independent philosophical concept. Since the Han dynasty, Huangzhong Temperament became a shared symbol of the law of the universe, legitimism and the national standard.