滴灌灌水下限和避雨栽培对氮素淋失及葡萄产量品质的影响

Effects of Lower Limit of Drip Irrigation and Rain Shelter Cultivation on Nitrogen Leaching and Grape Yield and Quality

为探索土壤氮素利用率低,氮素淋失导致环境及葡萄产量品质不佳的影响因素,研究滴灌条件下灌水和避雨栽培对葡萄氮素淋失及产量品质的影响。试验设置了灌水下限(80%、70%、60%田间持水量)及避雨措施(无避雨处理、避雨处理)2个因素6个处理,研究不同土壤水分下限和是否避雨处理对土壤淋失水中NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度及总淋失量、NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失率和葡萄产量品质的影响。结果表明:在相同灌水下限条件下,避雨栽培的各处理在NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度及总淋失量、NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失率方面均低于无避雨栽培的处理;在相同避雨措施下,低灌水下限的处理在NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度及总淋失量、NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失率方面均低于高灌水下限的处理;NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失量的变化趋势基本一致;T5处理单位面积产量较T1、T2、T3、T4和T6处理分别高了34.02%、10.21%、37.67%、20.90%、36.33%,且差异显著。避雨栽培和适当降低灌水下限的措施具有很好的氮素淋失阻控作用及优质高产效果。

In order to explore the influence factors of low soil nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen leaching on the environment and poor yield and quality of grape,the effects of irrigation and rain shelter cultivation on nitrogen leaching,yield and quality of grape were studied.The experiment set up two factors and six treatments of irrigation lower limit(80%,70%,60%field capacity)and rain shelter measures(no rain shelter treatment,rain shelter treatment)to study the effects of different soil moisture lower limits and rain shelter treatments on the concentration and total leaching amount of NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N in soil water loss,NO_(3)^(-)-N leaching rate and grape yield and quality.The results showed that under the same irrigation lower limit,the NO_(3)^(-)-N concentration,total leaching amount and NO_(3)^(-)-N leaching rate of rain of all treatments under rain shelter cultivation were lower than those of non-rain shelter cultivation;under the same rain protection measures the NO_(3)^(-)-N concentration,total leaching loss and NO_(3)^(-)-N leaching rate of low irrigation lower limit treatments were lower than those of high irrigation lower limit treatments.The change trend of NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N leaching loss was basically the same.The yield per unit area of T5treatment was 34.02%,10.21%,37.67%,20.90%and 36.33%higher than that of T1,T2,T3,T4 and T6 treatments,respectively,and the difference was significant.It can be concluded that the measures of rain shelter cultivation and properly reducing the lower limit of irrigation have good resistance and control effect of nitrogen leaching and good quality and high yield.