肉牛发酵床垫料的理化性状变化研究

Study on Changes of Physical and Chemical Properties of Beef Cattle Fermentation Mattress

试验旨在研究发酵床养牛模式的垫料理化性状的演变,为垫床维护和尾料还田利用提供依据。选择4个小栏,垫料、发酵菌两因子交叉分组,垫料A为稻草和麦壳,垫料B为晒干牛粪,添加或不添加发酵菌。西门塔尔杂交公牛常规育肥,定期观测垫料温湿度及N、P、K含量等指标,持续1 a。结果表明:(1)垫床厚度受承载量影响,与垫料和发酵菌无关,各处理换算承载量为40 kg·m^(-2),垫床厚度平均增量为2.95 cm·月^(-1);(2)垫床全期含水量60%~70%,温度接近舍内环境,组间温度、湿度均无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)随着使用时间的延长,各处理的垫料N、P、K含量显著升高(P<0.05),组间差异不显著(P>0.05),有机质含量显著下降(P<0.01),前期垫料A的有机质含量显著高于垫料B(P<0.01),后期差异不显著(P>0.05),加菌种与否差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验末期4个处理的垫料N、P、K、有机质平均含量分别为25.01 g·kg^(-1)、7.91 g·kg^(-1)、42.40 g·kg^(-1)、73.69%;(4)试验结束时,除Hg未检出外,垫料B的Pb含量显著高于垫料A(P<0.05),其他重金属含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。加菌种组的Cr含量显著低于不加菌种组(P<0.05),其他重金属含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析,应优选谷壳等原料、勤翻耙,保持垫床蓬松性和较低的湿度。

The purpose of this experiment was to study the evolution of physical and chemical properties of mattress in fermentation bed,and to provide basis for bedding maintenance and after-product returning to field.The Simmental crossbred bulls were fattened within four pens,cross grouping in terms of bedding material and fermentation bacteria.Bedding material A was rice straw and wheat husk,and B was dry cattle dung,with or without fermentation bacteria.The temperature and humidity of bedding and the contents of N,P and K were observed regularly for one year.The results showed:(1)the bed thickness was affected by the loading capacity,and had nothing to do with the bedding material and fermentation bacteria,when the bearing capacity was 40 kg per square meter,the average increment of bed thickness was 2.95 cm in one month.(2)The moisture content of cushion bed was 60%~70% in the whole period,and the temperature was close to the environment,there was no significant difference between groups(P>0.05).(3)With the extension of time,the contents of N,P and K in bedding of each treatment increased significantly(P<0.05),but the difference between groups was not significant(P>0.05),and the content of organic matter decreased significantly(P<0.01).The organic matter content of material A was significantly higher than that of material B(P<0.01)in the early stage,and was not significantly different in the later stage(P>0.05),adding fermentable bacteria did not affect the difference(P>0.05).The average contents of N,P,K and organic matter in the later stage were 25.01 g·kg^(-1),7.91 g·kg^(-1),42.40 g·kg^(-1),and 73.69%,respectively.(4)At the end of the experiment,except that Hg was not detected,Pb of material B was significantly higher than that of material A(P<0.05),contents of other heavy metals were not significantly different(P>0.05);Cr of bacteria group was significantly lower than that of no bacteria group(P<0.05),and other heavy metals were not significantly different(P>0.05).To sum up,raw materials such as rice husk should be selected and harrowed frequently so that the cushion bed is fluffy and of low humidity.