明代驾帖制度考论

Research on the Jiatie System in the Ming Dynasty

明代驾帖源于一种“敕谕”,为皇帝所出诏令的替代品,代表着在各种公私事务中皆得便宜处置的至高无上特权。正统以后,厂卫权力膨胀,驾帖也成为厂卫提人缉事的专用文帖。朝臣试图利用制度化措施来限制驾帖的使用范围,却以失败告终,以致明代后期驾帖成为皇帝或宦官掌控司法的工具。驾帖具有平衡特刑机构与法司的司法权及皇帝越权专制刑狱的双重功能,文官集团对驾帖的限制实际上侵犯了皇权,反映了皇帝、厂卫与文官集团三方之间复杂的政治关系和明代社会的司法生态。

Jiatie came from a kind of Chiyu(敕谕),represented the sovereign prerogative of the emperor.The power of Dongchang(东厂)and Jinyiwei(锦衣卫)gradually expanded since Zhengtong period in the Ming Dynasty,Jiatie become their specialized official document to arrest people.The officials repeatedly tried to institutionalized measures to limit the use of Jiatie,but it ended in failure,so that Jiatie became a tool for emperors or eunuchs to control justice in the late Ming Dynasty.Jiatie had the dual function of balancing the special punishment institution with the judicial power of the department of justice and the emperor’s dominate penalty cases.The nature determined that the civil government’s supervision power to Dongchang and Jinyiwei actually violated the imperial power.That deeply reflected the complex political relationship judicial ecology among the emperor,Chang-Wei and civil officials in the Ming Dynasty.