《民法典》履行抗辩权条款的体系解释

System Interpretation of the Right to Performance Defense in Civil Code

《民法典》对履行抗辩权的立法构造,系以“履行顺序”作为主要的区分标准。同时,将大陆法系上的不安抗辩权与英美法系的预期违约制度予以杂糅并立。从体系视角进行观察,既有立法导致我国的履行抗辩权在外在体系上存在概念不周延之嫌,使得部分应调事项难以涵摄其中,使得同一待调事项出现两套适用规范;内在体系上出现违背公平原则的问题,使得整个制度的设计出现价值引导上的偏移。通过法教义学上的理论阐释,运用解释学的基本研究工具,可以通过消除“履行顺序”的影响以及明确制度适用的具体情形的路径,达到解决既有问题的目的。为彻底消解既有争议,未来可考虑通过出台《民法典》司法解释或指导性案例的方式,形成履行抗辩权规则的具体适用规范。

The legislative structure of the right to performance defense in China’s Civil Code takes“order of performance”as the main distinguishing standard.At the same time,it blends the right to unease defense in the civil law system with the system of anticipatory breach of contract in the common law system.From the perspective of system,the existing legislation leads to the suspicion that the concept of China’s right to performance defense is not comprehensive in the external system,which makes it difficult to include some should-be-adjusted items,and resulting in two sets of applicable norms for the same adjustable items;in the internal system,there existsthe violation of the fairness principle,which makes the design of the whole system deviate from the value guidance.Through the theoretical interpretation of legal dogma and the use of the basic research tools of hermeneutics,the purpose of solving the existing problems can be achieved by eliminating the influence of“order of performance”and clarifying the path of the specific situation of the application of the system.In order to completely resolve the existing disputes,it can be considered to form specific applicable norms for the performance of the right of defense rules through the introduction of judicial interpretation or guiding cases in the future.