英国学徒制:历史变迁、现实样态与改革动态

Apprenticeships in the UK:Historical Changes,Realities and Reform Dynamics

放眼全球,学徒制计划正在“全面复兴”。英国的学徒制享有美誉,且很少有国家能与英国目前推行的学徒制改革力度和范围相媲美。从历史变迁过程来看,英国学徒制经历了曲曲折折的“起源—发展—衰落—高峰期—再衰落—再改革”的发展历程。从现实样态来看,英国学徒制已成为一个非常独立、开放、完整且复杂的学徒制系统;学徒制类型涵盖基础学徒制、中级学徒制、学位学徒制、高等学徒制、研究生学徒制等多种类型;学徒制级别涵盖中学阶段、中学后阶段及高等教育阶段;并且,在学徒制管理、经费来源、标准及评估等方面也呈现出差异性、多样性与复杂性。目前英国学徒制正在着力实施“学徒税”、由学徒制框架转向学徒制标准、强化雇主主导、推进高等学徒制等改革举措。英国学徒制发展与改革的经验可以为我国发展中国特色学徒制提供一定的参考。

From a global perspective,apprenticeship programs are undergoing a"full renaissance".Apprenticeships in the UK have a reputation,and few countries can match the intensity and scope of apprenticeship reforms currently being implemented in the UK.From the perspective of the historical change process,the British apprenticeship system has undergone a tortuous development process of"origin⁃development⁃decline⁃peak period⁃decline and re⁃reform".From the perspective of reality,the British apprenticeship system has become a very independent,open,complete and complex apprenticeship system;The types of apprenticeships cover basic apprenticeships,intermediate apprenticeships,degree apprenticeships,advanced apprenticeships,postgraduate apprenticeships and other types;Apprenticeship levels cover secondary,post⁃secondary and tertiary education;In addition,there are differences,diversity and complexity in the management of apprenticeships,funding sources,standards and evaluations.At present,the British apprenticeship system is focusing on the implementation of the"apprenticeship tax",shifting from the apprenticeship framework to the apprenticeship standard,strengthening employer leadership,and promoting the higher apprenticeship system.The experience of the development and reform of the British apprenticeship system can provide a certain reference for the development of apprenticeships with Chinese characteristics in China.