新业态从业者集体劳权的实现路径——以集体劳动法和反垄断法的协调为视角

The Realization of Collective Labor Rights of Practitioners in New Business Forms-From the Perspective of the Coordination of Collective Labor Law and Antitrust Law

从本质上来说,集体劳动法和反垄断法是相互对立的:反垄断法维护公平竞争;集体劳动法鼓励工人联合以“限制竞争”。鉴于集体劳动法是为了保护居于弱势地位的劳动者权益并致力于实现特定的社会政策目标,因而,反垄断法中设立了劳工豁免制度。但随着平台及数字经济的发展,不具有雇员身份的新业态从业人员易被反垄断法视为具有经济实体地位的“企业”,难以适用传统反垄断劳工豁免,从而其行使集体劳权的行为会被认定为价格固定的“横向卡特尔”。为破解上述困境,一方面,可以扩大传统反垄断劳工豁免的适用范围;另一方面,可以对特定类型的新业态从业者设立竞争承诺制度,从而消除其集体行动所带来的反竞争风险。在我国,应将具有劳动关系或事实劳动关系的单位就业员工、不完全劳动关系的“平台网约劳动者”纳入反垄断劳工豁免的范围,并明确豁免的适用条件;同时,还要设立针对“依托平台的个人灵活就业人员”集体行为的竞争承诺规则。

In essence,the collective labor law and the anti-monopoly law are opposed to each other:the anti monopoly law maintains fair competition;the collective labour law encourages workers to unite to"limit competition".In view of the fact that the collective labor law aims to protect the rights and interests of workers in a vulnerable position and is committed to achieving specific social policy objectives,the anti-monopoly law has established a labor ex⁃emption system.However,with the development of the platform and the digital economy,new business workers without employee status are easy to be regarded as"enterprises"with economic entity status by the anti-monopoly law,and it is difficult to apply the traditional anti-monopoly labor exemption,so their exercise of collective labor rights will be recognized as a"horizontal cartel"with fixed prices.In order to solve the above dilemma,on the one hand,we can expand the scope of application of traditional anti-monopoly labor exemption.On the other hand,a"competition commitment"system can be set up for new practitioners of specific types to eliminate the anti competitive risks brought about by their"collective action".In China,we should include employees employed by employers with employment relations or de facto employment relations,and workers engaged in"platform networking"with incomplete employment relations into the scope of anti-monopoly labor exemption,and specify the applicable conditions of exemption;at the same time,we should establish competition commitment rules for the collective behavior of"individual flexible workers relying on the platform".