民法典总则编的总则性和非总则性特点及其体系影响

The General and Non-General Characteristics of the General Part of Civil Code and Its Systematic Influence

民法典总则编对各分编具有统领性作用,这展现了总则编的总则性特点。民法典总则编还具有鲜明的非总则性特点,总则编对合同行为之外的其他民事法律行为、对身份法律行为的法律适用存在一定的“非总则性”,非总则性成为大陆法系民法典总则编的“宿命”。如果把民法典总则编看成是一个矛盾统一体,总则性是矛盾的主要方面,非总则性则是矛盾的次要方面。总则性特点的体系影响是总分结合的立法技术和司法技术。非总则性特点的体系影响是参照适用立法技术和司法技术。“提取公因式”的总则式立法技术和用于弥补总则式立法技术缺憾的参照适用技术相依相存。总则编无法充分有效发挥兜底适用和补充适用的功能,这给了各分编做大的默许和机会。总则编的非总则性特点催生了大量隐性总则。参照适用在民法典各编中搭建起了释放法典体系效益的一座座桥梁,参照适用法律技术弥补了总则编的非总则性缺憾。

The General Part of the Civil Code plays a leading role in each sub-compilation,which shows the general characteristic of the General Part.The General Part of the Civil Code also has distinct characteristic with non-general characteristic.The General Part has a certain non-general characteristic for other civil legal acts other than contract acts and the legal application of identity legal acts.The non-general characteristic has become the ‘destiny’ of the General Part of the Civil Code in civil law system.If the Compilation of the General Part of the Civil Code is regarded as a unity of contradictions,the general characteristic is the main aspect of the contradiction,and the non-general characteristic is the secondary aspect of the contradiction.The systematic influence of the general characteristics is the legislative and judicial technology of combination of general and specific provisions.The systematic influence of non-general characteristic is the legislative and judicial technology of reference application.The general legislative technology of ‘extracting public factor’ and the reference applicable technology used to make up for the shortcomings of the general legislative technology depending on each other.The general part cannot give full play to the function of comprehensive application and supplementary application,which gives each part tacit approval and opportunity to make themselves bigger.The non-general characteristic of the general part has given birth to a large number of implicit general parts.Reference application has built bridges in each part of the Civil Code to release the benefits of the code system.The legal technology of reference application makes up for the shortcomings of the general part.