第三人侵害合同的侵权责任

Tort Liability of Interference with Contract by the Third Party

第三人侵害合同,既是侵权客体具有特殊性的特殊侵权类型,又是对第三人获取他人订立合同中蕴含的市场机会的法律经济分析之重要主题。《民法典》第593条在承认合同外第三人的法定责任时,并未明确其具体的请求权基础。第三人侵害合同的侵权责任突破了侵权客体绝对性理论的桎梏,需要在解释论上明确《民法典》第1165条作为侵权客体的民事权益之外延,并在此基础上落实第1175条中第三人侵权责任的内涵。从应然角度出发分析,不仅要结合侵权构成要件理论进行司法认定,而且要在制度设计上对行为人的商业目的、竞争动机进行必要的司法审视,以兼顾法律适用对市场中当事人成本与收益的客观经济影响。商业言论自由和市场主体交易自主权,蕴含了民法与商法共享的自由法律价值,可以为第三人侵害合同的特殊抗辩规则提供正当性法理基础。民法典的法律适用需完善和发展第三人侵害合同的理论,并在《民法典》第1165条第1款的过错归责和民事权益开放性侵权客体的立法语境下,兼顾司法过程中的特别法因素和裁判结果的社会经济影响。

The inference with contract by the third party is not only a special type of tort, but also an important topic of legal and economic research on whether the third party needs to be held liable for obtaining market opportunities in the contract that others have entered into. Article 593 of the Civil Code does not specify the specific basis of claim rights when recognizing the statutory liability of third parties of contracts. The tort liability of a third party for inference with contract breaks through the shackles of the absoluteness of the object in torts. It is necessary to clarify the extension of the civil rights and interests of Article 1165 of the Civil Code, and on this basis, implement the connotation of third party tort liability of Article 1175. It is necessary not only to carry out judicial determination in combination with the theory of the elements of infringement, but also to conduct necessary judicial review of the actor’s commercial purpose and competition motive in the system design, so as to take into account the cost and benefit of the application of the law to the parties in the market. The freedom of commercial speech and the trading autonomy of market players contain the free legal value shared by civil law and commercial law, and can provide a legitimate legal basis for the special defense rules for third-party inference with contract. The legal application of the Civil Code needs to improve and develop the theory of the inference with contract by the third party, and take into account the special law factors in the judicial process and the economic impact of the adjudication results in the legislative context of the attribution of fault and the open tort object of civil rights and interests in Article 1165(1) of the Civil Code.