清华简《四时》“灵星”考

Study of the “Spirit Star” in the Tsinghua Si Shi Manuscript

清华简《四时》有星名“灵星”,整理者未说明其具体所指,只说简文对应织女星,这种解释有待商榷。我们认为,灵星应为大火星,而非织女星。理由有四:第一,《四时》的同时代人高子说灵星为大火星;第二,从灵星的源流看,《四时》中“灵星”应为大火星;第三,与传世文献《吕氏春秋·十二纪》比对,可推测灵星为大火星;第四,根据《四时》所述,灵星应属东方苍龙七宿,而织女星不在黄道中,不属于东方苍龙七宿,可知灵星不可能是织女星。对此问题的探讨,不仅有助于对清华简《四时》一文的理解,也是解决历史遗留问题的一次尝试。

The Tsinghua Si Shi四时bamboo manuscript includes the star name“Spirit Star”灵星,the annotators did not specify the meaning of“Spirit Star”,merely noting that it corresponds to Vega织女星,this explanation requires further discussion.The Spirit Star actually corresponds to Antares大火星,not Vega.There are four reasons:First,Gao Zi高子,a contemporary to the Si Shi manuscript said that the Spirit Star was Antares;Second,from the origin and development of the term“Spirit Star”it can be seen that it should be Antares;Third,by comparing the Si Shi to transmitted texts such as the Lüshi Chunqiu we can infer that it should be Antares;Fourth,according to the Si Shi,the“Spirit Star”should be part of the seven asterisms of the Azure Dragon of the East.Yet Vega is not in the zodiac and therefore we know that the“Spirit Star”can not be Vega.The discussion about this problem is not only helpful for understanding the Tsinghua Si Shi,but also presents an attempt to solve the problems left over by history.