特定技能要素回报率变动与技能工资差距——基于职业任务测度法的动态分析

Changes in Returns to Specific Skills and Skill Wage Inequality:An Dynamic Analysis Based on Occupational Task Measure

本文将中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS)与美国职业信息网络数据库匹配,构建认知型技能与非认知型技能指标,采用RIF分位数及其分解方法系统分析认知型技能与非认知型技能对技能工资差距的影响效应与影响机制。其结果显示:认知型技能与非认知型技能回报率均存在明显的时变特征与分布特征,样本期高分位点认知型技能回报率呈上升趋势,低分位点非认知型技能回报率呈现下降趋势;认知型技能与非认知型技能主要通过价格效应影响技能工资差距,二者联合作用超过受教育程度因素的影响贡献,构成技能工资差距上升的主因;内在机制检验表明,开放水平与技术进步水平主要通过对高分位处劳动力认知型技能回报率的增强效应影响技能工资差距,而产业结构转型不仅可以影响高分位处劳动力的认知型技能回报率,也可通过影响高分位处劳动力的非认知型技能回报率扩大技能工资差距。本文为当前中国工资差距扩大趋势提供新的机制解释,也为甄别劳动力市场对各类技能劳动及其不同能力特质的需求提供经验依据。

This paper matches the CGSS with O*NET to construct cognitive skill and non-cognitive skill,and uses RIF quantile and decomposition method to systematically analyze both the effect and mechanism of the above specific skills on skill wage inequality.The re-sults show that:there are obvious time-varying characteristics and distribution characteristics of the returns of both cognitive skill and non-cognitive skill,the returns of cognitive skill at the upper-end of the wage distribution show an rising trend,while the returns of non-cognitive skill at the low-end see a downward trend.Cognitive skill and non-cognitive skill affect skill wage inequality mainly through price effect,and their combined effect ex-ceeds the contribution of education level and constitutes the main force for the increase of skill wage inequality.The mechanism tests results show that:the openness level and tech-nology level affect the skill wage inequality mainly through improving the returns of cogni-tive skill at the upper-end of the wage distribution,while the structure transformation can af-fect skill wage inequality not only through promoting the returns of cognitive skill at the up-per-end of the wage distribution,it can also influence the non-cognitive skill returns at the same position of the wage distribution.This paper provides a mechanism explanation from a new perspective for the widening trend of skill wage inequality in China,and also provides empirical evidence for identifying the demand for various kinds of skilled labors and their different specific skills in the labor market.