日本工作和照护两立支援体系及对中国的启示

Japan’s Support System for both Work and Elderly-care and Its Enlightenment to China

解决工作与照护难以平衡的问题是积极应对人口老龄化进程中不可忽视的重要课题。在老龄少子化程度急剧加深的背景下,中国劳动年龄人口尤其是独生子女一代正面临工作与照护“双肩挑”的挑战。日本是进入老龄化社会最早的国家之一,针对工作照护“两立难”困境,日本政府以照护休假制度和介护保险制度为基础,通过建立政府、用人单位和劳动者间的良好协作机制,融合时间配给、照护服务和经济补贴等福利手段构建了工作和照护两立支援体系,提升了老年人照护服务的供给水平、减轻了劳动者的家庭照护压力、对抑制照护离职问题成效显著。借鉴日本工作和照护两立支援体系经验对缓解我国老年人长期照护压力、解决工作和照护两难问题、建立完善我国以家庭工作平衡为目标的家庭政策以积极应对人口老龄化具有重要启示。

Solving the problem of the difficulty of balancing work and elderly-care is an important issue that cannot be ignored in the process of actively responding to the aging of the population.In the context of the rapid increase in the aging and declining birthrate,the working-age population in China,especially the one-child generation,is facing the challenge of "double shoulders" work and elderly-care.Japan is one of the earliest countries to enter an aging society.In response to the dilemma of the work and the elderly-care,Japanese government has established a good coordination mechanism between the government,employers and workers based on the care leave system and the nursing care insurance system.Integrating welfare measures such as time rationing,care services and economic subsidies to build a support system for both work and elderly-care,improve the supply level of care services for the elderly,reduce the pressure on family care of workers and have significant effects on curbing the issue of care leave.Learning from the experience of Japan’s work and elderly-care support system has important implications for alleviating the pressure of long-term care for the elderly in China,solving the dilemma of work and elderly-care,establishing and improving China’s family policy with keeping balance between family and work as the goal to actively respond to the aging population.