技术进步与就业极化:一个马克思主义政治经济学的分析框架

Technological Progress and Employment Polarization:An Analytical Framework of Marxist Political Economy

本文利用1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年中国人口普查资料,考察了中国制造业的就业结构演变趋势,发现中国制造业也出现了就业极化现象。技术进步被认为是导致就业极化最为重要的因素。因此,本文在马克思扩大再生产两大部类模型的基础上,将生产资料生产部类细分为一般生产资料生产分部类和机器人生产分部类,构建了一个扩展的两大部类模型,分析技术进步的就业极化机制。研究发现,技术进步既可以通过提高资本有机构成导致就业极化,也可以通过压低工资率促使就业极化。来自中国制造业的数据为就业极化机制提供了经验证据,进而验证了本文模型的正确性。但是,在就业极化过程中,部门之间的技能障碍使低技能劳动者无法进入高技能部门就业,影响了劳动者就业升级和产业升级。基于此,本文提出了相应的政策建议。

Using the census data of China in 1982,1990,2000 and 2010,this paper investigates the evolution trend of employment structure in China’s manufacturing industry, and finds that there is employment polarization in China’s manufacturing industry. Technological progress is considered to be the most important factor leading to employment polarization.Therefore, based on Marxian two-sector reproduction model, this paper subdivides the means of production sector into general means of production sub-sector and robot production sub-sector, constructs an extended two-sector reproduction model, and analyzes the employment polarization mechanism of technological progress.It is found that technological progress can not only lead to employment polarization by improving the organic composition of capital, but can also promote employment polarization by depressing the wage rate.The data from China’s manufacturing industry provides empirical evidence for the employment polarization mechanism, and then proves this model. However, in the process of employment polarization, the skill barriers between sectors prevent low skilled workers from entering high skilled sectors, affecting workers’ employment upgrading and industrial upgrading.Based on this, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions.