侵害英雄烈士名誉、荣誉罪要素之认定

Determination of the elements of crimes of infringing on the reputation and honor of heroic martyrs

侵害英雄烈士名誉、荣誉罪作为为了维护社会主义核心价值观而增设的风尚犯,认定其犯罪构成要素过程须慎之又慎,预防因法益虚化所带来的刑法风险。在法教义学视角下,该罪中的保护对象“英雄烈士”应通过解释方法将“英雄”定位为修饰词,将“烈士”定位为实义词,整体理解为“英勇的烈士”。另外,该罪的直接法益是尊重英雄烈士的善良风俗,其辐射法益为民众对英雄烈士的虔敬情感及党和政府的历史根基、公信力等公共利益,由此也排除了寻衅滋事罪的适用。在厘清侵害英雄烈士名誉、荣誉罪的属性定位和坚守集体法益原则的立场上,将行为方式内容限制于侮辱、诽谤和侵害“评定英雄烈士的相关事迹”和“英雄烈士人身品格”。通过对该罪保护对象、行为方式、行为内容等要素的认定,既可以体现实质刑法的精神,又可缩小犯罪圈,有效地汇聚司法力量保护英雄烈士名誉。

The crime of infringing on the reputation and honor of heroic martyrs is a fashion crime added to maintain the socialist core values. The determination of the elements of the crime must be cautious to prevent the criminal law risks that may be caused by the abstraction of legal interests. From the perspective of legal doctrine, "heroic martyr", the object of protection in this crime should be interpreted as a "heroic martyr" with the term "heroic" modifying the term "martyr". Secondly, the direct legal benefit of this crime is to respect the good customs of the heroes and martyrs, and its radiation benefits are the reverence of the public for the heroes and martyrs, the historical foundation and credibility of the Party and the government, which also excludes the application of affray crime. Based on its nature and the principle of collective legal interest, the content of behavior of the crime should be limited to insults, slander, and infringement of "deeds related to the evaluation of heroic martyrs" and "the character of heroic martyrs". The determination of the above elements can not only reflect the spirit of the substantive criminal law, but also help identify the criminal behavior, thus gathering judicial power to protect the reputation of heroic martyrs.