轴心文明与齐鲁文化的多重意蕴

The axial civilizations and the multiple meanings of Qilu culture

近四十年来,齐鲁文化研究取得了丰硕的成果,但也存在着明显的不足。齐鲁文化究竟是齐文化与鲁文化相加的集合概念,还是自身统一的非集合概念?齐鲁文化在中国文化乃至人类文明中处于什么地位?这些问题都有待于进一步研究。齐鲁文化有四重意义:其一,轴心意义上的齐鲁文化是指西周到秦统一这一时期齐国与鲁国的文化;其二,经学意义上的齐鲁文化主要指秦汉到魏晋流行的齐学与鲁学;其三,行政区位意义上的齐鲁文化是指山东文化;其四,思想意义上的齐鲁文化是指始于轴心时代,以德为先,以修、齐、治、平为目的,主张礼法并治的治理体系与生活方式。思想意义上的齐鲁文化曾长期充当中国文化主体角色,且对东亚社会产生了重大影响。齐鲁文化既是集合概念,又是非集合概念,立足于山东是集合概念,自身作为一个整体的齐鲁文化是非集合概念。齐鲁文化的四层意涵既相对独立,又交叉重合。齐鲁文化作为轴心文明的时代产物是中华文化发展永世不竭的源头活水,有着超越时空、跨越族界与国度的普遍意义与永恒价值。

In the past 40 years,the research on Qilu culture has achieved substantial results,but there are also obvious deficiencies. Is Qilu culture a collective concept added by Qi culture and Lu culture,or a non collective concept unified by itself? What is the position of Qilu culture in China or even human civilization? These questions need further study. This paper argues that Qilu culture has four meanings: First of all,in the axial sense Qilu culture refers to the cultures of Qi and Lu during the period from Western Zhou Dynasty to the unification of Qin Dynasty. Secondly,in Confucian classics sense Qilu culture mainly refers to Qi school and Lu school from Qin and Han Dynasties to Wei and Jin Dynasties. Thirdly,in the administrative sense Qilu culture refers to Shandong culture. Fourthly,Qilu culture in the ideological sense refers to the governance system and way of life which originates from axis era,put morality first,for the purpose of self-cultivation,family regulation,state governance,world pacifying,and advocate the governance system of combining etiquette and law. As an ideological system,Qilu culture has long acted as the main role of Chinese culture and had a significant impact on East Asian society. Qilu culture is both a collective concept and a non-collective concept. Based on Shandong,it is a collective concept. Standing in Qin,Jin,Wu and Yue,it is a whole,a non-collective concept.The four meanings of Qilu culture are both relatively independent and overlapping. As the essence of axial era civilization Qilu culture is the inexhaustible source of the development of Chinese culture,which has the universal significance and eternal value that transcends time and space,across ethnic boundaries and countries.