从出土文献看上古汉语{娶}的及物性与综合性

Transitivity and syntheticity of qu({娶})“to marry”in excavated texts of Archaic Chinese

本文针对以往提出的上古汉语{娶}是准他动词、综合性动词等观点,结合出土文献重新加以探讨。本文的考察,第一,深化了对上古汉语动词{娶}的及物性与综合性的认识。结合出土文献来看,在殷商至西汉末很长一段时期里,{娶}只写作“取”,且一直是典型的及物动词,并非准他动词或综合性动词;写作“娶”则是晚至西汉末才开始出现的,并且一出现就作不及物动词。第二,区分了N_(范畴)和N_(区别)这两类名词性成分。{娶}(写作“娶”)的不及物或综合性用法体现在N_(范畴)作受事时没有专门形式表达。这一区分不仅有助于准确揭示{娶}的及物性与综合性之间的关联,对于准确刻画以往所说的对象自足动词,也是至关重要的。第三,从及物性的角度辨析了“娶”和“取(取妻)”的字际关系,强调在考察孳乳字、古今字等字际关系时,不应只是关注基本词义,还应将词的语法等层面的信息纳入考察视野。同时强调,在利用《左传》《论语》等传世文献语料时,需作审慎处理。

Based on evidences from excavated texts,this paper revisits the transitivity and syntheticity of the verb qu({娶})“to marry”in Archaic Chinese and argues that:1)From the Shang Dynasty to the late Western Han Dynasty,qu was a typical transitive verb written as取;The form娶and its intransitive use appeared only after the late Western Han period;2)A fine-grained distinction between N_(categorical)and N_(distinctivecan)help to reveal the internal relation between the transitivity and syntheticity of qu;More specifically,the intransitive verb written as娶has no designated form when N_(categorical)functions as the patient;3)On the relation between the two characters娶and取,there is little doubt that the latter occurred earlier;But the two words were not of the same grammatical function thus presenting no derivation between them.As a result,in addition to basic word meaning,grammatical feature is also crucial for the investigation of word derivation.The paper suggests that even classics like the Zuozhuan and The Analects should be quoted critically.