基于商品规格等级的山慈菇本草考证及近现代文献研究

Textual Research on the Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus Based on the Evaluation of Commodity Specification and Grade

以历代本草著作、近现代专著及现有标准为基础,考证山慈菇进行本草及文献,为其开发利用提供参考和依据。经考证山慈菇基原在唐宋时期较明确,为兰科植物杜鹃兰Cremastra appendiculata(D.Don)Makino的假鳞茎;明代之后增加老鸦瓣(光慈姑)、丽江山慈菇(地方习用品)等来源,直至清代《植物名实图考》将异科异属植物黄独作为山慈菇药材来源,表明古时山慈菇同名异物、异物同名现象较多,且品种混乱不清,混伪品较多。近代逐步确定山慈菇基原与2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》的基原规定一致。山慈菇历代以江苏、浙江为佳,之后产区扩大至江西、湖南、广西,近代推崇四川、贵州地区所产;多在夏秋6—8月采挖,除去地上部分及泥沙,分开大小置沸水锅中蒸煮至透心,干燥,以假鳞茎入药,炮制品多为生品。经产地及市场调查发现,山慈菇商品均为统货,未分规格等级。由于现有标准未规定含量测定指标,且山慈菇药材伪品、混用品及地方习用品较多,亟须明确其特征性品质指标,同时结合商品规格等级,进一步提升山慈菇药材的质量标准,以促进药材整体的优质优价,有效地临床应用及安全性评价。

Based on the herbal books of past dynasties, modern monographs, and current standards, this study performed herbal textual research on Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus to provide references and a basis for its development and utilization.According to the research, the origin was clearly identified in the Tang and Song dynasties as the pseudobulb of Cremastra appendiculata(D.Don) Makino.After the Ming dynasty, the Tulipa edulis(Miq.) Baker and the Iphigenia indica Kunth.(the local variety) were added.Until the Qing dynasty, the Dioscorea bulbifera L.,a plant from a different family, was used as the source of Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus.The results showed that due to the extensively existing foreign drugs with the same name in ancient times, the varieties were not clear, and there were many adulterants.In modern times, the origins of Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus were consistent with the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition).In the past dynasties, the producing areas of Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus were mainly Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and then expanded to Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangxi.In modern times, those produced in Sichuan and Guizhou were preferred.It is mostly harvested in summer and autumn from June to August.After the removal of the aboveground part and sediment and separation according to sizes, it is thoroughly boiled in a pot of boiling water and then dried.The pseudobulb is used as medicine, and the processed products are mostly raw products.According to the origin and market investigation, the products of Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus were gradeless without specific specifications and grades.Since the existing standards fail in specifying the content determination indicators and there are many counterfeits, mixed products, and local habitual products of Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus, it is urgent to clarify its characteristic quality indicators and further improve the quality standards of Cremastrae Pseudobulbus/Pleiones Pseudobulbus based on the product specifications and grades to promote the overall quality and price of medicinal materials, effective clinical application, and safety evaluation.