电子废弃物拆解污染区土壤生态健康风险研究进展

Research Progress on Soil Ecological and Health Risks of E-waste Dismantling Polluted Area

电子废弃物中含有诸多具有回收再利用价值的资源,但在粗放的拆解回收过程中,其中的重金属和有机污染物等有毒有害物质向环境介质中释放,使拆解场地周边土壤受到严重的复合污染,给当地生态环境和人体健康带来潜在风险。本文系统分析了电子废弃物拆解区污染物在土壤中的迁移行为特征和风险;归纳了用于研究土壤污染生态风险的指数法、模型法、外推法和生态毒理法和用于研究土壤污染健康风险的人体外部量化评估和人体内暴露评估等评估方法;同时探讨了这些评估方法在电子废弃物拆解区土壤污染生态健康风险研究的前沿进展。最后本文还指出了目前电子废弃物拆解区土壤污染风险评价需要改进之处,如评价方法应考虑到污染物在土壤中的存在形态、生态风险评价模型需将污染物对生态系统基本构成单元的影响纳入进去、健康风险量化评估基础数据和内暴露评估生物标志物法都需开展精细化的研究,提出了应对电子废弃物拆解引发的生态健康风险的措施,以期引起关于电子废弃物拆解场地土壤生态健康风险的深入思考。

E-waste contains many recyclable resources.However,heavy metals and organic pollutants were released into the environment during the e-waste dismantling and recycling processes,which resulted in severe soil pollution and brought huge risk to the environment and human health around the e-waste dismantling area.In this review,we discussed the migration behavior and risk of soil pollutants in the e-waste dismantling area.Ecological risk assessment of soil pollution including index methods,model-based methods,extrapolation methods and ecotoxicology methods were summarized.In parallel,human health risk assessment consisting of extracorporeal quantitative assessment methods and internal exposure assessment methods were overviewed.Meanwhile,frontiers of these methods in studying the ecological and health risks of the e-waste dismantling area were reviewed.Finally,we pointed out some shortcomings persisted in ecological and health risks assessments of soil pollution.We highlighted pollutants existing forms in soil were not considered in the current risk assessment.We proposed the impact of pollutants on the basic components of ecosystem should be included in the current ecological risk assessment model.The basic data of health risk quantitative assessment and biomarker method of internal exposure assessment need to be refined.Furthermore,we put forward approaches to deal with ecological and human health risks triggered by e-waste dismantling.We hope this review can inspire in-depth understanding of the ecological and human health risks of e-waste dismantling area soil.