微塑料的人体暴露和健康风险研究进展

Research Progress on Human Exposure and Health Risks of Microplastics

由于微塑料分布广泛、难降解、能够长距离迁移、能够作为其他污染物的载体、具有生物持久性、能够通过食物链转移等原因,它们对人体健康潜在的负面影响已成为难以回避的问题。然而,目前关于微塑料的人体健康效应研究仍然较少。微塑料能够通过呼吸道和消化道2种主要暴露途径进入人体,迄今为止有限的体内和体外数据已经表明,塑料颗粒能够穿透人体的组织屏障到达组织器官内部,对人体细胞造成炎症反应、氧化应激以及DNA损伤等负面影响。笔者对不同环境中微塑料对人体的暴露途径进行总结,并基于已有的研究数据讨论了微塑料对人体健康的影响和潜在风险,阐述了环境中的微塑料与其他污染物的联合效应,以期为微塑料的人体健康风险研究提供依据。

The potential negative effects of microplastics on human health have become an unavoidable problem due to their wide distribution,low degradability,long-distance migration,carrier of other pollutants,biological persistence,and transfer through the food chain.However,there is still limited research on the human health effects of microplastics.Respiratory and digestive tracts are the major exposure routes for microplastic particles to enter the body.Limited in vivo and in vitro data to date have shown that microplastics could penetrate the tissue barrier and enter into tissues and organs,causing negative effects on human cells such as inflammation,oxidative stress,and DNA damage.Therefore,this review summarizes the exposure pathways of microplastics to human body in different environments,and discusses the impact and potential risks of microplastics on human health based on existing research data.Moreover,the combined effects of microplastics and other harmful substances in the environment are also reviewed in order to provide a basis for the study on human health risks of microplastics.