释法说理:《名公书判清明集》中的裁判法理

Interpretation of Law and Reasoning in Ruling:The Judicatory Jurisprudence of Qingming Cases Adjudicated by Famous Judges

传统中国判牍案例蕴含着丰富的裁判法理,《名公书判清明集》即是典范之作。以蔡久轩、真德秀为代表的南宋司法官员们在裁判文书中,极为强调释法说理的重要性,既坚持以国法为依据,准法而判,又注重释明审理结果背后之裁判法理,追求国法、天理、人情俱得其平。国法、天理、人情共同构成宋代的裁判法源体系,要求司法官员必须坚持“国家法禁,一视同仁”,遵循法律程序,综合衡量伦常等人情。宋代司法官员处理案件时,坚持“以明刑弼教为先”,以仁为本,推崇改过自新,但强调累犯不恤。基于个案的实际情况,宋代司法官员基本能够做到准法援情据理裁判,并撰写出兼具释法与说理功能的裁判文书,从而实现个案正义、法律正义与社会正义的衡平。

There are plenty of judicial jurisprudence contained in the traditional Chinese judiciary system, taking the“ Minggong Shupan Qingming Ji” as the typical example. The judges of the Southern Song Dynasty, represented by Cai Jiuxuan and Zhen Dexiu, regarded case judging with reference of the law as important, they also paid attention to the importance of interpreting the law and providing the reasons of judgments. As a professional judge, the Song Dynasty emphasized the judiciary function of“ correcting wrongs on behalf of the heaven”, since cases were decided by the law,“ the national legal prohibition should be enforced equally”, and according to the relevant procedures. Furthermore, the Song Empire emphasized the“ educational function of clarifying penalty” as a preferential significance in the judiciary policy and practice field, it meant that humanity was fundamental and internal rehabilitation was preferred, but the recidivists should be excepted. Concerning the source of law and judicial ideas of the Song Dynasty, national law, natural principles, and human feelings constitute the entire sources of the law, and the three pillars shared the same legal effect. The notable judges of the Southern Song Dynasty had stressed on the interpretation of the law and reasoning in the case decisions, and could adjudicate cases according to the national law, natural principles, and human feelings, in order to achieve the balance of individual justice, legal justice and social justice.