政府数据开放与公共数据治理:立法范畴、问题辨识和法治路径

Open Government Data and Public Data Governance:Legislative Scope,Problem Identification and Law Regulation

大数据时代,政府数据的收集、管理、开放、流动、共享、利用在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的过程中日益重要,成为推动经济转型升级、完善社会治理方式和提升政府服务质量的基础性工具。海量的政府数据资源若想发挥其应有的功能和效用,取得应用和竞争优势,首先要做的就是开放,开放才能创造经济价值、社会价值和政治价值。政府数据开放行为是政府实施的行政行为,属于行政法规范的范畴。我国当前政府数据开放进程、开放共享水平还落后于发达国家,主要原因在于数据开放共享的法律治理体系有待健全以及在相关法规制定理念和原则上尚未达成共识。将来我国政府数据开放的法治规范路径应注重:一是正本清源,科学界定政府数据开放与公共数据治理的法律概念;二是立足发展实际,合理制定政府数据开放和共享的专项行政法规;三是坚持开放与保护并重,畅通因政府数据开放引起的行政纠纷的救济途径;四是树立全球视野,积极借鉴国外政府数据治理先进经验创制法律。

In the era of big data,the collection,management,opening,flow,sharing and utilization of government data are increasingly important in the process of promoting the modernization of national,and become a basic tool to promote economic transformation and upgrading,improve social governance and improve the quality of government services.If the massiveopen government data resources want to play its due function and effectiveness and gain application and competitive advantage,the first thing to do is to open up,which can create economic value,social value and political value.The open behavior of government data is administrative behavior implemented by the government,which belongs to the category of administrative law norms.At present,the process of open government data and the level of open sharing in China still lag behind those in developed countries,mainly because the legal governance system of data opening and sharing needs to be improved and consensus has not yet been reached on the concept and principle of formulating relevant laws and regulations.In the future,we should pay attention to the following aspects:Firstly,we should clear up the source and scientifically define the legal concepts of government data opening and public data governance;Secondly,based on the reality of development,we should reasonably formulate special administrative regulations for government data opening and sharing;Thirdly,both opening and protection should be paid equal attention to,and the relief channels for administrative disputes caused by government data opening should be unblocked;Fourthly,we should establish a global perspective and actively learn from the advanced experience of foreign government data governance to create laws.