刑法条文与司法解释交叉适用的溯及力问题研究

Research on the Retrospective Issues of Cross Application of Criminal Law Provisions and Judicial Interpretations

基于刑法司法解释所存在的法律性、扩张性、滞后性等特征,刑法司法解释应当具有相对于所解释刑事法律而言的独立时间效力。刑法司法解释对其生效之前发生的、未经审判或判决尚未确定的行为能否适用,同样应遵循“从旧兼从轻”的溯及力原则。“两高”关于刑法司法解释时间效力规定中的“法律的施行期间”,仅指刑法司法解释生效之后刑法条文施行的时间段。对于行为时没有相关刑法司法解释的情形,裁判时司法解释应与行为时适用法律的一般做法进行“有利与否”的比较,内容有利于行为人的司法解释才能溯及既往。对新旧刑法、新旧司法解释交替并行的情况,应当采用“分层式”判断规则,即在刑法规范与司法解释层面分别适用从旧兼从轻原则。如果刑法规范与司法解释在部分内容上存在冲突,应以刑法规范内容为准。新(旧)刑法条文与旧(新)司法解释存在交叉适用的可能。罪状与法定刑、主刑与附加刑不能分别适用不同的法律,当主刑与附加刑发生反向调整时,应当确立主刑优先原则。

Based on the legality,expansion,and lagging characteristics of the judicial interpretation of criminal law,the judicial interpretation of criminal law should have an independent time effect relative to the criminal law being interpreted.Whether the judicial interpretation of the criminal law applies to acts that have occurred before it becomes effective,has not been tried,or the judgment has not yet been determined,it should also follow the retrospective principle of"from the old to the lighter".The"law enforcement period"in the provisions of the Supreme Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on the time effectiveness of judicial interpretations of the criminal law only refers to the time period during which the provisions of the criminal law are implemented after the judicial interpretations of the criminal law take effect.For situations where there is no relevant criminal law judicial interpretation at the time of the act,the judicial interpretation at the time of judgment should be compared with the general practice of applying the law at the time of the act.Judicial interpretations whose content is conducive to the perpetrator can be traced back to the past.For situations where the old and new criminal laws and the old and new judicial interpretations are alternately and concurrently,the"layered"judgment rule should be adopted,that is,the principle of applying the old and the lighter at the level of the criminal law norms and judicial interpretations respectively.If there is a conflict between the criminal law norms and judicial interpretations,the content of the criminal law norms shall prevail.The new(old)criminal law provisions and the old(new)judicial interpretations may be cross-applicable.Different laws cannot be applied to crimes and statutory punishments,principal punishments and supplementary punishments.When the principal punishments and supplementary punishments are adjusted in the opposite direction,the principle of priority of the principal punishments should be established.