现代公民教育的自然性基础——以爱弥儿作为教育样板

The Natural Basis of Modern Civic Education:Emile as a Model of Education

现代公民教育的自然性基础是指任何一种形式的公民教育都不能只是单纯依靠社会和学校来完成,而是需要一种非社会性质的自然教育作为前提和准备。这一点在卢梭的《爱弥儿》中体现得极为明显,卢梭认为现代公民教育的本质首先是人的自然权利,然后是人的各种义务和责任。人并不是天然的政治性动物,发生在人身上的公民教育并不是一开始就要让人直接进入社会,而是在这之前需要让人经过一段在社会之外的自然教育。为此,卢梭将爱弥儿视为理想的教育样板,筹划了一个从自然人到公民的完整教育方案,并将公意作为调和爱弥儿身上自然性和社会性的人造纽带,最终将爱弥儿培养成一个在人性发育上充分健全的现代公民。由此,回到和理解人原初的自然性,以一种人性平衡术的方法和眼光来把握人身上自然性和社会性之间的分寸感,是一切形式的现代公民教育都要认真面对和思考的问题。

The natural basis of modern civic education means that any form of civic education can not only rely on society and school, but also needs a kind of antisocial natural education as the premise and preparation. Such point is very obvious in Rousseau’s Emile,because Rousseau believes that the essence of modern civic education lies in the fact that the first thing needed to be considered is the individual’s natural rights, and then to talk about various obligations and responsibilities. Man is not a political animal by nature. The civic education that happens to people is not to let people directly enter the society at the beginning, but needs to go through a period of natural education outside the society before it. Therefore, Rousseau regarded Emile as an ideal model of education, and planned a complete educational program from Natural person to Citizen. He took the General Will as the man-made link to realize the harmony between the naturality and sociality of Emile, and finally cultivated him into a modern citizen who is fully sound in the development of human nature. Thus we should understand the original naturality of human beings and attach great importance to the relationship between naturality and sociality from the perspective of human nature balance. These are the problems that all forms of modern civic education should seriously face and think about.