论明代地方管粮官中的“道”

On the “Dao” of Local Grain Officials in the Ming Dynasty

“道”之称谓起源于汉代,此后历代或为政区,或为监察区。明代为应对北疆威胁,逐步在全国范围内建立了内外管粮官系统,而外管粮官之首即为管粮道。其任期三年,举凡一切粮饷相关事务,皆为其职责所在,并兼及督查、军事,任内考核严厉,即使转任或致仕,也可能会被追缴亏空。此外,通过对延绥靖边道的案例考察可知,管粮道的设置也并非固定的,随着地域、职责,甚至边情的变化,管粮道的设置与称谓也会随之变化,可改兵备,可改提学,甚至遭到裁并。

The appellation of “Dao” originated in the Han Dynasty, and later dynasties were either administrative regions or supervisory regions. In order to deal with the threat of Beijiang, the Ming Dynasty gradually established a national system of internal and external grain officials, and the first of which was the grain canal, whose term of office is three years. He is responsible for all matters related to food and salaries, and also includes supervision and military affairs. His assessment during his term of office is strict. Even if he changes his post or leaves office, he maybe recovered for deficit. In addition, through the case study of Yan Sui Jing border, it can be seen that the setting of the grain canal is not fixed. With the change of region, responsibility and even border conditions, the setting and appellation of the grain canal will also change, which can be changed to military equipment, education, or even be cut and merged.