河套灌区向日葵有机肥替代化肥施用效果及适宜替代比例研究

Study on the application effect and suitable substitution ratio of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer for sunflower in the Hetao Irrigation Area

【目的】明确河套灌区向日葵生产中有机肥替代化肥的施用效果及适宜替代比例。【方法】试验在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区进行,设100%有机氮(100%M)、25%化肥氮+75%有机氮(75%M)、50%化肥氮+50%有机氮(50%M)、75%化肥氮+25%有机氮(25%M)、化肥优化(NE)、不施氮肥(CK)6个处理,建立有机肥替代比例与向日葵产量的回归方程,分析不同有机肥替代比例对向日葵籽实粗脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成、籽粒锈斑及氮肥利用率和土壤养分的影响。【结果】25%M处理向日葵产量最高,为5626.47 kg/hm^(2),比CK显著增产30.70%(P<0.05)。回归分析表明,向日葵生产中有机肥最佳替代比例为18.86%。随着有机肥替代比例的增加向日葵籽实的不饱和脂肪酸比例有所提高;有机肥替代化肥向日葵籽实的粗脂肪含量略有增加、籽粒锈斑的病情指数和发病率降低;有机肥替代化肥可以提高肥效,25%M处理的氮肥利用率和农学效率最高,分别较NE处理提高4.85个百分点和0.89 kg/kg;土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量随有机肥替代比例增加有增加的趋势。【结论】有机肥替代最适比例为18.86%时,向日葵产量最高,籽实粗脂肪和不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,籽粒锈斑的病情指数和发病率降低,并可以提高氮肥利用率,培肥地力。

【Objective】To clarify the application effect and suitable substitution ratio of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of sunflowers in the Hetao Irrigation Area.【Methods】The experiment was carried out in Linhe District,Bayannur City,Inner Mongolia.Six treatments,including 100%organic nitrogen(100%M),25%chemical fertilizer nitrogen+75%organic nitrogen(75%M),50%chemical fertilizer nitrogen+50%organic nitrogen(50%M),75%chemical fertilizer nitrogen+25%organic nitrogen(25%M),optimized chemical fertilizer(NE)and no nitrogen fertilizer(CK),were set up to establish the regression equation between the organic fertilizer substitution ratio and sunflower yield.Analyze the effects of different organic fertilizer substitution ratios on the crude fat content,fatty acid composition,grain rust,nitrogen utilization efficiency and soil nutrients.【Results】Sunflower treated with 25%M had the maximum yield of 5626.47 kg/hm^(2) and was 30.70%greater than CK(P<0.05).According to regression analysis,the best substitution ratio for organic fertilizer in the cultivation of sunflowers was 18.86%.With an increase in the ratio of organic fertilizer substitution,the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in sunflower seeds increased.Organic fertilizer substitute chemical fertilizer,the crude fat content of sunflower seeds marginally increased,while grain rust disease index and incidence rate dropped.25%M treatment had the highest nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and agronomic efficiency,which were 4.85 percentage point and 0.89 kg/kg higher than those of NE treatment,respectively.As the organic fertilizer substitution ratio increased,so did the contents of soil organic matter,available phosphorus,and available potassium.【Conclusion】When the optimal proportion of organic fertilizer substitution was 18.86%,the yield of sunflower was highest,the amount of crude fat and unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds increased,the disease index and incidence rate of grain rust decreased,and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate increased,soil enriched.