再论执行力主观范围的扩张

Re-discussing the Extensi on of Enforcement Power in personam

执行力附着于执行名义,是权利人请求执行及执行机关实施执行的法律效力。执行力主观范围包括“为谁,对谁”为强制执行,原则上以执行名义记载为准,但在例外情况下向第三人扩张。执行主观范围的消极扩张,表现为经申请执行人的申请,执行法院裁定变更、追加第三人为被执行人。此类第三人可分为“承继型”和“责任型”两种。执行力主观范围的消极扩张须满足必要性、正当性和妥适性三个要件。“承继型”第三人兼具必要性和正当性。对“责任型”第三人而言,必要性即被执行人的财产不足以清偿债务,正当性依赖于实体法的规定或第三人的意定。妥适性指的是变更、追加的争议适合通过内嵌于强制执行的略式程序进行审查判断。

The enforcement power is attached to the title of obligation,which is the legal effect of the right holder’s request for enforcement and the enforcement organ’s implementation of the enforcement.The scope of enforcement power in personam includes enforcement“for whom,against whom”.In principle,the parties recorded in the title of enforcement shall prevail.Exceptionally,it will extend to some kind of third party.In the Chinese context,the passive extension of enforcement power in personam is manifested in the change or addition of a third person as executee by the rulings of the court upon the application of the executor.This kind of third party can be further categorized into“inheriting”third party(“inheriting type”)and“liability”third party(“liability type”).The passive extension of enforcement power in personam must meet three requirements:necessity,legitimacy and appropriateness.The“inheriting type”third party has both necessary and legitimate.For the“liability type”third party,the necessity means that the property of the executee is not enough to pay off the debt,and the legitimacy depends on the provision of the substantive law or the will to pay of the third party.Appropriateness means that the alteration or additional dispute is suitable to be examined and judged through the abbreviated procedures embedded in compulsory enforcement.