论反面解释的有效形式、逻辑根据及其位阶

On Valid Forms,Logical Basises and Ranking of Interpretation E CONTRARIO

反面解释是一种常见的法律解释方法。所谓“反面”,特指与现有法律规定中的条件与后果相矛盾的概念或命题;所谓反面解释,就是从法律明确规定的正面条件与正面结果,根据逻辑推理规则,推导出与其等值(或蕴含)的反面条件与反面结果。反面解释的正、反面好比一枚硬币的两面,其解释过程不过是将原先遮蔽着的反面揭示出来,而非引入新的东西。从这一意义上讲,反面解释是一种在位阶上仅次于文义解释的法律解释方法。一般而言,反面解释的典型图式有两种:一是条件式规范命题的否定前件式,即将条件规范“p→q”反面解释成“¬p→¬q”,二是全称规范命题SAP转换为“¬SA¬P”,这两种典型图式只有在特定情况下才有效。除典型图式外,还有一些非典型图式,其成立同样依赖于相应的逻辑推理规则。反面解释的主要根据是逻辑,经验在其中只起次要的作用。

Interpretation e contrario is an universal legal method.So-called“e contrario”refers to the concepts or propositions which are contradictory to the present legal provisions,so interpretation e contrario refers to that we follow logical inference rules,and deduce the negative conditions and negative effects from the positive conditions and effects,and these two kinds of conditions and effects are equivalent or entailed each other.Because the positive and negative sides of interpretation e contrario are similar to the two sides of a coin,so the process of interpretation e contrario is nothing more than disclosing the positive side which had been shielded,and have not introduced any new meaning.From the viewpoint of this meaning,interpretation e contrario is an important legal interpretation method which is only second to semantic interpretation in ranking.Generally,it is believed that only the hypothetical norm of necessary and sufficient necessary conditions can be interpreted e contrario,but in fact,there are two typical schemata of interpretation e contrario that people often use:one is denying antecedent schemata of sufficient conditional hypothetical reasoning,and the other is transforming universal norm SAP into“¬SA¬P”.These two typical schemata are valid only in very special cases.These two typical schemata are valid only in very special cases.In addition to typical schemata,there are also some atypical schemata whose establishment also depends on corresponding logical reasoning rules,so among the basises of interpretation e contrario,logic is primary,and experience is secondary.