《资本论》中的现代个人批判及其政治哲学意蕴

Modern Individual Criticism in Das Kapital and Its Political Philosophical Implications

马克思立足“现实的个人”及其物质生产关系的历史唯物主义哲学基础,在《资本论》及其手稿中展开了对现代个人及其政治处境的批判性反思和历史性重构。这一反思和重构表明,交换价值主导的资本主义生产方式既推动了现代性政治个人的生成,也导致了“个人受抽象统治”这一现代社会的最大政治现实。资本逻辑设定界限和突破界限的矛盾性发展方式决定了资本虽然创造了人类对自然普遍占有的“有用性的体系”,体现了伟大的“文明作用”,但是也伴随着自身无法克服的社会政治困境。《资本论》透过对现代个人的经济存在方式和政治存在处境的批判性考察,不仅瓦解了古典政治经济学和自由主义政治哲学塑造的资产阶级政治神话,而且以重塑政治个人存在方式为轴心实现了对现代性政治叙事的重写。

Based on the historical materialism philosophical foundation of"realistic individual"and its material relations of production,Marx carried out a critical reflection and historical reconstruction of modern individual and its political situation in Das Kapital.This reflection and reconstruction shows that the capitalist production mode,which is dominated by value exchange,not only promotes the formation of modern political individuals,but also leads to the main political reality of modern society,that individuals are ruled by abstractions.The contradictory development mode of capital logic setting and breaking boundaries determines that although capital creates the"useful system"of human's universal possession of nature and embodies the great"role of civilization",it is also accompanied by its own insurmountable social and political dilemma.Through a critical investigation of the economic and political existence of the modern individual,Das Kapital not only dissolves the bourgeois political myth shaped by classical political economy and liberal political philosophy,but also rewrites the modern political narrative by reshaping the political individual existence.